時(shí)態(tài)——一般將來(lái)時(shí)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在、經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)和普遍現(xiàn)象、常識(shí)或客觀(guān)真理；一般過(guò)去時(shí)用于過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的或過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，將來(lái)打算做的事情；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作造成目前的結(jié)果和對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或表示從過(guò)去延續(xù)至今的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和習(xí)慣等；將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)之前業(yè)已完成或發(fā)生的事情；過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀況，即過(guò)去的過(guò)去。注意每一種時(shí)態(tài)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的交叉使用情況。英語(yǔ)共有十六種時(shí)態(tài)，其表現(xiàn)形式如下(以study為例)：
| |
一般時(shí) |
進(jìn)行時(shí) |
完成時(shí) |
完成進(jìn)行時(shí) |
| 現(xiàn)在 |
study
studies |
am studying
is studying
are studying |
have studied
has studied |
have been studying
has been studying |
| 過(guò)去 |
studied |
was studying
were studying |
had studied |
had been studying |
| 將來(lái) |
shall study
will study |
shall be studying
will be studying |
shall have studied
will have studied |
shall have been studying
will have been studying |
| 過(guò)去將來(lái) |
should study
would study |
should be studying
would be studying |
should have studied
would have studied |
should have been studying
would have been studying |
考試中出現(xiàn)的一般有以下幾種。
III 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
一、一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀況
1) But the weather experts ［A］ are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected ［B］ by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that would ［C］ possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning ［D］ of fuels.(92年閱讀理解題)
2) If traffic problems are not solved soon ［A］ ， driving ［B］ in ［C］ cities becomes ［D］ impossible.
二、在表示時(shí)間和條件的狀語(yǔ)從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。這些時(shí)間副詞有when, as soon as等，表示條件的連詞有if,as long as等。
3 ) A desert area that has been ［A］ without water ［B］ for six years will still ［C］ bloom when rain will come ［D］ .
4) Come and see me whenever .(84年考題)
［A］ you are convenient ［B］ you will be convenient
［C］ it is convenient to you ［D］ it will be convenient to you
5) The task is extremely difficult. If no one able to do it, we will have to find somebody else.
［A］ were ［B］ was
［C］ is ［D］ would
注意：如果這些副詞或連詞引導(dǎo)的是名詞從句作賓語(yǔ)而不是狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，這些名詞從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用該用的時(shí)態(tài)：I don‘t know when he will come.而且表示將來(lái)的助動(dòng)詞will還可以用以條件從句中，譯為“愿意、肯”等。
三、一些表示方向及變化的瞬間動(dòng)詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)或現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
We leave (are leaving) for California the day after tomorrow.
我們(計(jì)劃)后天動(dòng)身去加利福尼亞州。
May I have your attention please. The plane for Wuhan is about to take off.
請(qǐng)注意，飛往武漢的飛機(jī)就要起飛了。
四、另外，“be +to ＋動(dòng)詞原形”也可表示打算做的事，還可表示責(zé)任、意向和可能性
You are to follow the doctor’s advice.你應(yīng)遵從醫(yī)囑。
No shelter was to be seen.找不到避難處。
五、例題解析
1) C錯(cuò)，改為will。本題有表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“in the next fifty years…”，所以謂語(yǔ)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
2) D錯(cuò)。由于從句中有表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)“soon”(不久，不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái))，主句的謂語(yǔ)也是在這一時(shí)間發(fā)生，所以要用將來(lái)時(shí)，那么D改為will become。
3) D錯(cuò)。本句主語(yǔ)是A desert area…will still bloom，狀語(yǔ)從句是由when引導(dǎo)，表示“雨季到來(lái)時(shí)”，從句的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)，所以將C處的will come改為comes。
4) 正確答案為C。本題除了時(shí)態(tài)上的問(wèn)題(即不用一般將來(lái)時(shí))之外還涉及到主語(yǔ)和它的表語(yǔ)的邏輯問(wèn)題。根據(jù)上述語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)，首先排除B和D；題中“convenient”是“方便的”之意。雖然漢語(yǔ)“在你方便的時(shí)候”，似乎“方便”的主語(yǔ)是“你”，但在英語(yǔ)中就不是那么回事兒，“convenient”的英文的解釋是“(sth) suited to personal ease or comfort or to easy performance of some act or function”(某事或物對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)感到舒適或容易作)，其主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是“物”而不是“人”。本題應(yīng)選C。所以學(xué)英語(yǔ)時(shí)，不僅要懂英語(yǔ)單詞的漢語(yǔ)譯文，更重要的是掌握英語(yǔ)單詞的內(nèi)涵與用法。建議身邊備一個(gè)“英英”字典，如Longman Dictionary of Comtempory English。
5) C為正確答案。理由同上。
