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系動(dòng)詞

 冰靈風(fēng)雪 2009-12-06

 
定義

  系動(dòng)詞亦稱連系動(dòng)詞(Link Verb),作為系動(dòng)詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語,后邊必須跟表語(亦稱補(bǔ)語)(形容詞),構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。
  說明:
  有些系動(dòng)詞又是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,該動(dòng)詞表達(dá)實(shí)義時(shí),有詞義,可單獨(dú)作謂語,例如:
  He feel ill yesterday.
  他昨天病了。(feel是系動(dòng)詞,后跟補(bǔ)足語,說明主語情況。)

分類

  1)狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞
  用來表示主語性質(zhì)或狀態(tài),只有be一詞,例如:
  He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。(表示主語的身份--性質(zhì))
  He is ill. 他病了。(表示主語的狀態(tài))
  2)持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞
  用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
  He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。
  This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個(gè)謎。
  3)表像系動(dòng)詞
  用來表示"看起來像"這一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
  He looks tired. 他看起來很累。
  He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來很傷心。
  4)感官系動(dòng)詞
  感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
  This kind of cloth feels very soft.
  這種布手感很軟。
  This flower smells very sweet.
  這朵花聞起來很香。
  5)變化系動(dòng)詞
  這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣,變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
  例如:
  He became mad after that. 自那之后,他瘋了。
  She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間就富了。
  6)終止系動(dòng)詞
  表示主語已終止動(dòng)作,主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)"證實(shí)","變成"之意,例如:
  The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。
  The search proved difficult. 搜查證實(shí)很難。
  His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。(turn out表終止性結(jié)果)

注意事項(xiàng)

  系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義,不能單獨(dú)作謂語,后面必須與表語連用。復(fù)習(xí)系動(dòng)詞時(shí),必須注意以下幾個(gè)問題:
  1. be是最重要的系動(dòng)詞,主語不同,be的形式也不同,且有時(shí)態(tài)的變化。
  通常表示主語的特征、狀態(tài)和身份等,后面接形容詞、副詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式、v-ing、過去分詞及表語從句作表語。
  特別要注意“由be+過去分詞”所構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)與“由be+過去分詞”所構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別。
  前者側(cè)重于表示主語的特征或所處的狀態(tài),通常沒有由by引導(dǎo)的介詞短語。
  如:The door was closed.
  后者側(cè)重于強(qiáng)調(diào)主語是謂語動(dòng)詞所示動(dòng)作的承受者,表示動(dòng)作;句中可以用由by引導(dǎo)的介詞短語。如:The door was closed by me.
  還要注意“由be+ V-ing所構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)與“由be+ V-ing”所構(gòu)成的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別。
  前者側(cè)重于說明主語具有的特征或存在的狀態(tài),也可說明主語是什么。如:My job is teaching English.
  后者側(cè)重于強(qiáng)調(diào)主語正在做某事。如:Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now.
  2. 要注意由行為動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的系動(dòng)詞。
  表示人體感官的系動(dòng)詞有sound,taste,look,feel,smell等,后面接形容詞;
  表示主語從一種狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變到另一種狀態(tài)的系動(dòng)詞有become,get,go,turn,run,grow,come,fall,prove等,后面接形容詞、名詞或 to be+形容詞,become后面接單數(shù)名詞時(shí),名詞前要用不定冠詞,turn后面接單數(shù)名詞時(shí),名詞前不用不定冠詞;
  表示主語繼續(xù)或保持某種身份、特征或狀態(tài)的系動(dòng)詞有continue,keep,remain,stay,stand lie,rest,stay等,后面接表示狀態(tài)的形容詞;
  表示判斷的系動(dòng)詞有seem和appear,后面接形容詞、to be+名詞或形容詞、that-clause、不定式等。
  3. 要注意系動(dòng)詞的固定搭配。常見的有come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等?!?br>
  4. 要特別注意某些動(dòng)詞既可以做系動(dòng)詞,又可以做實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的用法。
  系動(dòng)詞部分主要注意:其后要求接形容詞,而不是副詞做表語。遇到這種情況,只能先根據(jù)其意思判斷清楚到底是前者還是后者,然后再對(duì)后面的詞性和詞義做出正確判斷和選擇。以taste一詞為例:
  The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.(這種新研制的軟飲料嘗起來挺獨(dú)特的。注意:在這句話里,taste做系動(dòng)詞,不能使用進(jìn)行時(shí),后面接形容詞。)
  The chef is tasting the fish carefully.(廚師長(zhǎng)正在品嘗這道魚。注意:在這句話中,taste做實(shí)意動(dòng)詞,可以使用進(jìn)行時(shí),并且后面接副詞做狀語。)

專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

  1. —What is Mr Wang like?
  —____.
  A. He is a teacher
  B. He is old and kind
  C. He looks like a balloon
  D. He likes English
  2. What Mr White said sounds____.
  A. friendly B. wonderfully C. pleasantly D. nicely
  3. The poor boy ____ blind at the age of three.
  A. turned B. goes C. became D. went
  4. When he was a child he____ .
  A. grew patience B. was alive C. ran wild D. came true
  5. His voice____ as if he has a cold.
  A. sounds B. listens C. hears D. seems
  6. This shirt___ as if it is made of cotton.
  A. is B. looks C. feels D. seems
  7. He looks ___ he hadn’t had a good meal for a month
  A. that B. as if C. when D. so far
  8. It ____that he was late for the train.
  A. looks B. turns C. gets D. seems
  9. These apples taste_____.
  A. to he good B. to be well C. well D. good
  10. —Do you like the shirt?
  —Yes, it ____ very soft.
  A. feels B. felt C. is feeling D. is felt
  11. The moment Mr Zhang went to bed, he____ asleep
  A. kept B. got C. fell D. fall
  12. When I went home yesterday, it was ____ dark.
  A. going B. getting C. running D. coming
  13. Their plan ____ to be a perfect one.
  A. proved B. was proved C. is proving D. proving
  14. The flowers in the garden ____ sweet.
  A. sound B. taste C. become D. smell
  15. She____ like her mother in character.
  A. looks B. seems C. is D. feels
  16. It____ another fine day tomorrow.
  A. seems B. promises C. appears D. looks
  17. He ____ much younger than he really is.
  A. appears B. grows C. becomes D. turns
  18. You____ very pale. Do you feel sick?
  A. looked B. are looking C. looking D. are looked
  19. His wish to become a driver has ____true.
  A. turned B. realized C. come D. grown
  20. Her father ____a writer.
  A. turned B. grew C. has turned D. has become
  答案與分析
  1. B What’s...like?是詢問人或事物的性質(zhì)特征情況的交際用語,答語中常含有說明性質(zhì)特征情況的形容詞。
  2. A sound表示“聽起來”,后面接形容詞作表語,答案B、C、D均為副詞。
  3. D若人或事物的情況變化是永久性的或難以扭轉(zhuǎn)的壞變化時(shí),用系動(dòng)詞go表示。
  4. C run wild是固定搭配,表示“放蕩不羈”。
  5. A sound表示“聽起來”,后面接as if 引導(dǎo)的表語從句,表示對(duì)主語所表示的特征、狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)作出的反應(yīng)及判斷。
  6. C feel作系動(dòng)詞用時(shí),表示“(東西)摸上去令人有某種感覺”。
  7. B as if引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí),從句謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)作之前,從句謂語用過去完成式。
  8. D “ It seems that…” 表示“看起來……”。是固定句型,強(qiáng)調(diào)根據(jù)一定的事實(shí)所得出的一種接近于實(shí)際情況的判斷。
  9. D taste表示“嘗起來”時(shí),是系動(dòng)詞,后面接形容詞作表語。
  10. A feel表示“(某物)摸上去(令人)有某種感覺”時(shí),是系動(dòng)詞,用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
  11. C fall asleep表示“入睡”,是固定搭配,根據(jù)題意,應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。
  12. B get表示“逐漸……起來”、“開始……起來”時(shí),是系動(dòng)詞,多用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。
  13. A prove表示“證明是”時(shí),是系動(dòng)詞。
  14. D smell表示“有……的氣味”、“散發(fā)氣味”時(shí),是系動(dòng)詞,后面接形容詞。
  15. C belike表示“看起來像”時(shí),既可指外貌,又可指品質(zhì)和特征,側(cè)重于特征。
  16. B promise表示“有……的可能”、“給人以……的指望”時(shí),是系動(dòng)詞,后面接名詞作表語。
  17. A appear表示“看起來”時(shí),是系動(dòng)詞。側(cè)重于在外表給人某種印象,常為“假象”。
  18. B look表示“顯得”、“看起來”時(shí),是系動(dòng)詞,后面接形容詞作表語,用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),常帶有感情色彩。
  19. C come true是固定搭配,表示“實(shí)現(xiàn)”,其中come是系動(dòng)詞,表示“成為”、“變得”。
  20. D become表示“變成”,作系動(dòng)詞用,在后面作表語的名詞前要加a或an。turn后跟可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)要去掉a(n)。

怎樣區(qū)分半連系動(dòng)詞

  連系動(dòng)詞多有自己的意思,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語,必須與表語(名詞、形容詞,或與之相當(dāng)?shù)脑~類、短語、從句)一起構(gòu)成合成謂語。最常用的連系動(dòng)詞為be(是)動(dòng)詞,即完全連系動(dòng)詞,另外還有l(wèi)ook,turn,feel,get,become,sound,smell,stand,go,remain等半連系動(dòng)詞。無論是完全連系動(dòng)詞還是半連系動(dòng)詞、后面都有表語。由于半連系動(dòng)詞是由實(shí)意動(dòng)詞變來的,那如何分辨該動(dòng)詞為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞還是半連系動(dòng)詞呢?這對(duì)初學(xué)英語的中學(xué)生來說會(huì)感到有點(diǎn)困難,我在教學(xué)中嘗試用比較法和替換法,使學(xué)生較能接受。
  1.比較法
  比較下列各組句子
  (1) A. Please look at the blackboard.請(qǐng)看黑板。
  B. He looked a perfect fool.他看上去是個(gè)十足的傻瓜。
  (2) A.Turn to Page 16.翻到 16頁。
  B.He turned traitor to his country.他背叛了祖國(guó)。
  A.He felt it his duty to help others.
  他認(rèn)為幫助別人是自己的責(zé)任。
  B.I felt very hungry after a long walk.
  走了一段長(zhǎng)路,我感到很餓。
  A.Get me some ink.給我一些墨水。
  B.Our motherland is getting stronger and stronger.
  我們國(guó)家變得越來越強(qiáng)大了。
  A.Such words do not become a scholar.
  那樣的話不像出自學(xué)者之口。
  B.Some of the land became covered with water.
  一些田地覆蓋著水。
  A.This black key on the piano won''t sound.
  這鋼琴上的黑鍵按下去不響。
  B. The story sounds interesting.
  這故事聽起來很有趣。
  A.I am sure I smell gas.我肯定聞到了煤氣味。
  B.The flowers smell sweet.花朵散發(fā)芳香。
  A.He was too weak to stand.他太虛弱,不能站立。
  B.Holding the note in his hand,he stood there dumbfounded.
  他拿著鈔票,站在那里,目瞪口呆。
  A.He goes to school early every morning.
  他每天早上很早上學(xué)。
  B. They went mad.他們發(fā)狂了。
  A. I remained 3 weeks in Paris.
  我在巴黎逗留了三周。
  B.He never remained satisfied with his success.
  他從不滿足于自己的成績(jī)。
  2.替換法
  分析以上10組句子我們不難看出B組動(dòng)詞均為連系動(dòng)詞,因?yàn)槿绻覀儼褎?dòng)詞 be(是)的適當(dāng)形式替代斜體動(dòng)詞,句子能夠成立,后面的成分即是表語。
 ?。?)He was a perfect fool.
 ?。?)He was a traitor to his country.
  (3)I was very hungry after a long walk.
  (4)Our motherland is stronger and stronger.
 ?。?)Some of the land was covered with water.
 ?。?)The story is interesting.
  (7)The flowers are sweet.
 ?。?)Holding the note in his hand,he was there dumbfounded.
 ?。?)They were mad.
  (10)He was never satisfied with his success.
  反之,如果把 be(是)動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式替代 A組動(dòng)詞,句子則不能成立,無法解釋,A組動(dòng)詞均不為連系動(dòng)詞:
  *(l)Please be at the blackboard.
  *(2)Be to Pagel6.
  *(3)He was if his duty to help others.
  *(4)Be me some ink.
  *(5)Such words are not a scholar.
  *(6)The black key on the piano won''t be.
  *(7)I am sure I am gas.
  *(8)He was too weak to be.
  *(9)He is to school early every morning.
  *(10)I was 3 weeks in Paris.
  另外半連系動(dòng)詞是由實(shí)意動(dòng)詞變來的。所以把含有半連系動(dòng)詞的句子改為疑問句時(shí),一定要用助動(dòng)詞。
  例如:1. Do they look tired?
  2.Has she got ready?
  3.Did it become much more expensive to travel abroad?
  不論完全連系動(dòng)詞或半連系動(dòng)詞,它們都有時(shí)態(tài)的變化,但有些半連系動(dòng)詞從形式上看像是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),實(shí)際上并不表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。而是表示“漸漸”的意思或表示一種感情色彩。
 ?。?)It''s getting warmer and warmer.
  天漸漸暖和起來了。
 ?。?)Are you feeling better now?
  你現(xiàn)在好點(diǎn)了嗎?
  因?yàn)榘脒B系動(dòng)詞本屬于不及物動(dòng)詞,所以沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
  如不能說:* Good medicine is tasted bitter to the mouth.應(yīng)說:
  Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.良藥苦口。
  半連系動(dòng)詞的教學(xué)還是個(gè)較困難的問題,但在初學(xué)階段用先比較,再替換的方法,還是能使學(xué)生掌握哪些實(shí)意動(dòng)詞可充當(dāng)半連系動(dòng)詞,收到事半功倍的效果。
擴(kuò)展閱讀:
1.He fell off the bicycle. 他從自行車上跌下來了。
2.He fell off the ladder. 他從梯子上跌下來。
3.Its circulation fell off sharply. 它的發(fā)行量急劇下降。
4.She fell off her horse. 她從馬上掉下來了。
5.The door handle fell off. 門的把手脫落了。

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