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高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專題講解-形容詞副詞

 昵稱2662019 2010-08-11

高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專題講解-形容詞副詞
形容詞和副詞
一、考點(diǎn)聚焦
1、形容詞、副詞的作用與位置
形容詞是用來修飾名詞的,常被放在名詞前作定語,或放在系動(dòng)詞后面作表語。而副詞則用來修飾形容詞、動(dòng)詞,其他副詞或者句子,一般位于形容詞之前,動(dòng)詞之后或句子之首。以下屬幾種特殊情況,須牢記;
(1)形容詞短語作定語,定語后置。
a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high
(2)表語形容詞(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定語,定語后置。如a man alive。有些表身體健康狀況的形容詞如well、faint、ill只作表語。sick既可作表語又可作定語,ill如作定語意為“bad”。
(3)用作定語,修飾由不定代詞one、no、any、some和every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞如anything、something等時(shí),通常后置。如:
I have something important to tell you.
(4)else常用作疑問代詞和不定代詞的后置定語。
(5)enough、nearby修飾名詞前置或后置,程度副詞一般位于形容詞、副詞前面,enough修飾形容詞、副詞時(shí),必須后置。
(6)幾個(gè)副詞并列作狀語時(shí),其順序較靈活,但一般是:方式→地點(diǎn)→時(shí)間。如:
We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.
(7)頻度副詞如often、always、usually等在be動(dòng)詞后,行為動(dòng)詞前。
(8)副詞作定語,定語后置。如:
The person there is waiting for you.
(9)幾個(gè)并列的形容詞作定語,其語序通常為:限定語(The、A)+ 描繪性形容詞 + size(大?。? shape(形狀)+ age(年齡、時(shí)間)+ color(顏色)+ origin(國籍、來源)+ material(材料)+ purpose(目的)+ 名詞。如:
a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings
(10)以-ly結(jié)尾的詞性辨析。
①下列單詞以-ly結(jié)尾,但卻是形容詞而非副詞:lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等。
②表愿意(無-ly)和引申意(有-ly)的副詞:
deep深 wide寬廣 high高 low位置低
deeply深入地 widely廣泛地 highly高度地 lowly地位卑微
③有無-ly意義大不相同的副詞:
dead完全,絕對be dead asleep
deadly非常be deadly tired
pretty相當(dāng)be pretty certain that…
prettily漂亮地be prettily dressed
close近Don’t sit close.
closely密切地Watch closely!
late晚、遲arrive late, come late
lately最近I haven’t seen him lately(recently).
2、復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成
(1)形容詞 + 名詞 + ed
kind-hearted好心的,white-haired白發(fā)的
(2)形容詞 + 形容詞
red-hot熾熱的,dark-blue深藍(lán)的
(3)形容詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞
good-looking好看的,easy-going隨和的
(4)副詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞
hard-working勤勞的,fast-moving快速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的
(5)副詞 + 過去分詞
hard-won得來不易的,newly-made新建的
(6)名詞 + 形容詞
life-long終生的,world-famous世界聞名的
(7)名詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞
peace-loving愛好和平的,fun-loving愛開玩笑的
(8)名詞 + 過去分詞
snow-covered白雪覆蓋的,hand-made手工的
(9)數(shù)詞 + 名詞 + ed
four-storeyed 4層樓的,three-legged 3條腿的
(10)數(shù)詞 + 名詞(名詞用單數(shù))
ten-year 10年的,two-man兩人的
3、形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)
(1)原級(jí)的構(gòu)成和用法。
構(gòu)成:形容詞、副詞的原級(jí)即本身。
用法:表示雙方在程度、性質(zhì)、特征等某方面相等時(shí),用“as + 原級(jí)形容詞/副詞 + as”的結(jié)構(gòu);表示雙方不相等時(shí),用“not so(as) + 原級(jí)形容詞/副詞 + as”的結(jié)構(gòu);表示一方是另一方的若干倍時(shí),用“倍數(shù) + as + 原級(jí)形容詞/副詞 + as”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.
This building looks not so (as)high as that one.
Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .
This room is three times as large as that one.
(2)比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成。
掌握比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化規(guī)則,熟記少數(shù)不符合規(guī)則的特殊形容詞和副詞。
(3)比較級(jí)的用法。
①對方比較,表示一方超過另一方時(shí),用“比較級(jí) + than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如:
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
②表示一方不及另一方時(shí),用“less + 原級(jí) + than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如:
This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超過另一方的程度或數(shù)量時(shí),可在比較級(jí)前加表示程度的狀語,如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修飾。如:
He works even harder than before.
注意:英語的比較級(jí)前如無even、still或yet等時(shí),譯成漢語時(shí)可用“較”或“…一些”或不譯出,一般不可有“更”。如:
She is better than she was yesterday
Please come earlier tomorrow.
另注意:by far通常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)最高級(jí)。用于比較級(jí)時(shí),一般放在比較級(jí)的后面,如在前面,應(yīng)在二者中間加“the”。如:
He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
④表示一方隨另一方的程度而變化時(shí),用“the + 比較級(jí)(主語 + 謂語),the + 比較級(jí)(主語 + 謂語)”的結(jié)構(gòu)(意為“越……越……”)。如:
The harder he works, the happier he feels.
⑤不與其他事物相比,表示本身程度的改變時(shí),用“比較級(jí) + and + 比較級(jí)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
The weather is getting colder and colder.
The girl becomes more and more beautiful.
⑥某些以-ior結(jié)尾的形容詞進(jìn)行比較時(shí),用to代替than。這些詞有inferior(劣等的,次的)、superior(較好的,優(yōu)于……)、junior(資歷較淺的)、senior(資格較老的)、prior(在……之前)等。
He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.
⑦在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù),我們通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。
The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.
A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.
⑧倍數(shù)表達(dá)法。(A)A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(高)。The new bui9lding is four times the size(the height)of the old one.這座新樓比那座舊樓大三倍(高三倍)。(B)A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲比歐洲大三倍。(C)A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours.你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。用times 表倍數(shù)通常用于三倍以上,兩倍可以用twice或double.
(4)最高級(jí)的用法。
①三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度時(shí),用“the + 最高級(jí)”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。這種句式一般常有表示比較范圍的介詞短語。如:
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.
He works(the)hardest in his class.
②最高級(jí)可被序數(shù)詞以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等詞語所修飾。如:
This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.
How much did the secon most expensive hat cost?
③表示“最高程度”的形容詞,如excellent、extreme、perfect等,沒有最高級(jí),也不能用比較級(jí)。
④形容詞最高級(jí)修飾作表語或介詞賓語的名詞、代詞時(shí),被修飾的詞往往省略。如:
He is the tallest(boy)in his class.
⑤作狀語的副詞最高級(jí)前可以不加定冠詞。如:
Of all the boys he came(the)earliest.
(5)形容詞和副詞前面使用冠詞的情況。
①形容詞最高級(jí)前一般要加定冠詞,副詞最高級(jí)前可不加冠詞。
②形容詞最高級(jí)前有時(shí)加不定冠詞,或不加冠詞,不表比較,表示“非常”。如:
He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very)
The film is most interesting.(most=very)
③表示兩者間“較……的一個(gè)”比較級(jí)前加the。如:
who is the older of the tow boys?
④在“the + 比較級(jí)…,the + 比較級(jí)…”結(jié)構(gòu)中。
⑤在same前一般要加the。
⑥有些形容詞前加the 成為名詞。如the poor、the rich 等。
(6)由as / so組成的形容詞或副詞短語。
① as much as + 不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量。
Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.
She could earn as much as ten dollars a week.
②as many as + 可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量 多達(dá)
I have as a many as sixteen referrence books.
③as early as早在
As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.
④as far as遠(yuǎn)到;就……而知(論)
We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.
As far as I know(就我所知),he has been there before.
⑤may (might, could)as well不妨、不如
Then you might as well stay with us here.
⑥as … as can be到了最……的程度,極其
They are as unreliable as they can be.他們極其不可信。
⑦as … as one can
He began to run, as fast as he could.
⑧as … as possible
Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.
(7)幾組重要的詞語辨析。
①very 和much的區(qū)別。
(A)可分等級(jí)的形容詞和副詞前使用very不用much。
(B)表示狀態(tài)的過去分詞前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child, a very complicated problem, 一般的情況下,以-ing、-ed結(jié)尾的分詞多用much、very much / greatly等修飾。如:We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom. I was much amused by Jack’s attitude。
(C)已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞的現(xiàn)在分詞前用very。如:very interesting / worrying / exicting。
(D)too前用much或far,不用very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外,在too many / much, too few / little前用far。 There’s far too little opportunity for adventue these days.We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.
(E)關(guān)于原級(jí)形容詞要記住下列固定的修飾結(jié)構(gòu):
(a)修飾絕對意義的形容詞,一般不用very,而用quite completely、well、entirely。如:quite wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、quite impossible、quite perfect等。
(b)修飾以a-開頭的形容詞,多有特殊的修飾詞:quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast asleep, very much afraid。
(c)修飾一些特殊形容詞的修飾語有:be well worth, much the same, freezing cold, quite different, terribly cold / frightening。
②so … that … 與such … that … 的區(qū)別。
so + 形容詞 / 副詞 + that …
so + 形容詞 + a(n)+ 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + that …
so + many / much / little / few + 名詞 + that …
such + a(n)+ 形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + that …
such + 形容詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞 + that …
such + 形容詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + that …
注意:下列結(jié)構(gòu)中只能用so不可用such,當(dāng)名詞前有many、much、little、few等表示“多、少”的詞修飾時(shí),如 so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。但當(dāng)little表示“小”時(shí)用such。如:These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.下列so的用法是錯(cuò)誤的:so a diffcult problem,so difficult problems, so hot weather。
③其他幾組詞的辨析。
(A)ago、before:ago表示以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)的“以前”;before指以過去或?qū)淼哪硶r(shí)刻為起點(diǎn)的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用ago。
(B)already、yet、still:already表示某事已經(jīng)發(fā)生;yet表示期待某事發(fā)生;still表示某事還在進(jìn)行,主要用于肯定句。
(C)too、also、either:too和also用于肯定句,too多用于口語,also多用于書面語,either用于否定句。
(D)good、well:與good不同的是,well作形容詞,只能在系動(dòng)詞后作表語,表示“身體狀況好”,也作副詞修飾動(dòng)詞。
(E)quick、fast:作形容詞皆表“快”。fast多指運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體,含持續(xù)的意思。quick多指一次動(dòng)作的敏捷、突然,而且持續(xù)的時(shí)間較短。
(F)real、true:形容詞表“真的”。real強(qiáng)調(diào)真實(shí)存在的而不是幻想的,在句中常作定語;true指與事實(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和實(shí)際情況相符合,在句中作表語或定語。
(G)hard、difficult:均表“困難”,但hard通常指體力上困難;difficult則指智力或技能上的困難,困難程度大于hard。它們都可作定語和表語。
二、精典名題導(dǎo)解
選擇填空
1. It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science.(NMET 2001)
A.an art much as B.much an art as
C.as an art much as D.as much an art as
解析:答案為D。本題可從考查形容詞的同級(jí)比較點(diǎn)入手。在同級(jí)比較as…as句式中,如果as后面的形容詞作定語且其所修飾的名詞前有不定冠詞時(shí),該冠詞須置于形容詞之后,即形成“as + 形容詞 + a / an + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + as”結(jié)構(gòu)。這道題在名詞專題中也有解析,不同的是觀察視角不同,應(yīng)注意培養(yǎng)發(fā)散思維。
2. It is always difficult being in a foreign country, __________if you don’t speak the language.(NMET 2000)
A.extremely B.naturally C.basically D.especially
解析:答案為D。本題考查副詞的詞義辨析。注意掌握詞語的準(zhǔn)確含義,結(jié)合語境進(jìn)行分析。A項(xiàng)意為“極端地”;B項(xiàng)意為“自然地”;C項(xiàng)“基本上”;D項(xiàng)“尤其,特別地”。根據(jù)句意“如果你不會(huì)講(它的)語言,在國外你就總會(huì)困難重重”可知答案。
3. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ______known for his plays.(NMET 1998)
A.the best B.more C.better D.the most
解析:答案為C。本題考查副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。要把握句式之間的聯(lián)系,抓住句子的隱藏信息,結(jié)合語境進(jìn)行分析。根據(jù)句意,句中but后應(yīng)有一詞組be well known for…。同時(shí),應(yīng)注意到前后兩個(gè)分句把professor White的短篇小說和戲劇進(jìn)行了對比,故應(yīng)用well的比較級(jí)。
英語中容易混淆的形容詞和副詞
形容詞用來修飾名詞;副詞用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞或整個(gè)句子??墒?,有時(shí)形容詞和副詞容易混淆。例如“A fast train reached the destination fast”中的第一個(gè)“fast”是形容詞,第二個(gè)就是副詞。此外,有些詞既能是形容詞,也能是副詞,有些詞義不變,另些詞義不同;有些形容詞加上后綴“-ly”構(gòu)成的副詞和原來的形容詞意思相近,但有一些意義則相差甚遠(yuǎn);更有些形容詞,除自己本身能兼而充當(dāng)副詞之外,又可以再加上后綴“-ly”構(gòu)成派生副詞,若不小心,容易引起混淆。
  下面分別舉例說明:
 ?、趴勺餍稳菰~又可作副詞,詞義不同如:
  ①a. Joelle is a pretty child.(形容詞)
   b. Tom will be back pretty soon.(副詞)
 ?、赼. The old man has been ill for some time.(形容詞)
   b. Don’t speak ill of others.(副詞)
 ?、萍仁切稳菰~,也是副詞,句子中的語法功能不同,但意義一樣,如:
  ③a. What a deep ocean it is !(深的)
   b. The boy dug deep into the ground.(深)
 ?、躠. Look at the high mountain!(高的)
   b. Birds fly high in the sky.(高)
 ?、切稳菰~可以充當(dāng)副詞,又可以加上后綴,構(gòu)成派生副詞。在某些場合,兩者相近,可以通用(如例⑤和⑥);在另一些場合里,兩者意思有異,不可混為一談(如例⑦和⑧):
 ?、輆. Hold it tight, please!
   b. Hold it tightly, please!
 ?、轪. Please read slower.
   b. Please read more slowly.
 ?、遖. John came late yesterday.(遲)
   b. John has been working hard lately.(最近)
  ⑧a. Jason works hard.(努力地)
   b. Susan hardly works.(幾乎不)
 ?、扔行┬稳菰~或副詞,同時(shí)有多個(gè)意思,如:
  ⑨a. Hard labour(苦工)
   b. Hard times(艱難時(shí)代)
 ?、鈇. The baby is fast asleep.(睡得熟)
   b. Run fast, please!( 請快跑)
   c. Hold the rope fast!(緊握繩索)
 ?、赏~根的派生形容詞和形容詞及分詞間,意思雖甚接近,但容易引起混亂,如:
  11a. The child is sleepy.(昏昏欲睡)
   b. The child is still asleep.(還在睡眠中)
   c. Why are you looking at the sleeping child?(睡著的)
  12a. Diana feels lonely/ lonesome in the big house.(感到寂寞)
   b. Mary was alone in the office last night.(獨(dú)自)
  13a. Irene was awake the whole night last night.(整夜未眠)
   b. Tom had a wakeful night last night.(整夜未眠)
   c. What did you do during your waking hours last night?(醒著的時(shí)刻)
   (a)和(b)意思相近,但(a)的 awake 只能作補(bǔ)足語;(b)的 wakeful 則沒有這個(gè)局限。(c)里的 waking 現(xiàn)在分詞和(a)及(b)的兩個(gè)形容詞也似同非同,不易隨意取代。
高考英語比較級(jí)典型陷阱題分析
◆典型陷阱題分析◆
1. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _____ voice.
A. a better B. a best
C. the better D. the best
【陷阱】容易誤選D,認(rèn)為最高級(jí)前要用定冠詞。
【分析】其實(shí)此題最佳答案為A,該句可視為…I have never heard a better voice than her voice 之省略,全句句意為“她唱得多好??!我從未聽過她這么好的聲音”。請?jiān)倏匆韵骂愃频膶?shí)例:
He is fine, never better. 他很好,比以往任何時(shí)候都好。
This bird is really lovely. I’ve never seen a finer one. 這只鳥真可愛,我從未見過這樣好看的鳥。
比較以下試題,情形也大致相同:
(1)“I’ve never found a better job.” “_______.”
A. I don’t think so B. Too bad
C. Congratulations D. Don’t worry
答案選C,I’ve never found a better job可視為 I’ve never found a better job than this job 之省略,句意為:我從來沒有找到比這份工作更好的工作,即這是我所找到的最好的工作。
(2)“What do you think of the service here?” “Oh, ______. We couldn’t have found a better place.”
A. too bad B. sorry
C. wonderful D. impossible
答案選 C。We couldn’t have found a better place 可視為We couldn’t have found a better place than this place,其意為“我們不可能找到一個(gè)比這個(gè)地方更好的地方”,即“這是我們所能找到的最好的地方”。
(3) Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _____IQ.
A. a high B. a higher
C. the higher D. the highest
答案選B,句意為“……我懷疑班上有沒有哪個(gè)人比他智商更高”,即“我認(rèn)為他可能是班上智商最高的”。
(4) How cold it is! We’ve never had ______ this winter.
A. the colder day B. a cold day
C. the coldest day D. a colder day
答案選D。句意為“今年冬天我們還從未遇上過這樣冷的日子”。
2. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is _____ known for his plays.
A. the best B. more C. better D. the most
【陷阱】容易誤選D。
【分析】此題首先不宜選B或D,因?yàn)?well known 的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)通常是 better known和best known,有時(shí)也可以是 more well known 和 most well known,但通常不能是 more known 和 most known。至于是選A還是C,這就要看語境。由于句中涉及的只有 stories 和 plays 兩個(gè)對象,故應(yīng)選比較級(jí)。
3. You are _____ careful than your brother. You two can’t do the work that needs care and skill.
A. not more B. no more C. not less D. no less
【陷阱】容易誤選A。
【分析】要做對此題,首先要正確理解以下結(jié)構(gòu)的含義:
not more … than = 不如……
no more … than = 和……一樣不 (否定兩者)
not less … than = 不如……不 (即指不如 less 后形容詞的反面)
no less … than = 和……一樣 (肯定兩者)
比較以下各句的意思:
You are more careful than he is. 你比他仔細(xì)。
You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔細(xì)。
You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一樣不仔細(xì)。
You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔細(xì)(你比他粗心)。
You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔細(xì)(你不如他粗心)。
You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一樣仔細(xì)。
通過以上分析,再結(jié)合句子語境,可知此題最佳答案為B。
4. “Oh, how fat he is!” “But I think he is ____ than fat.”
A. short B. shorter C. more short D. shortest
【陷阱】容易誤選B。認(rèn)為 short為單音節(jié)形容詞,故用-er構(gòu)成比較級(jí)。
【分析】其實(shí)正確答案應(yīng)是C。要弄清此問題,得先從比較句型的兩種不同類型說起:
(1) 異類同質(zhì)比較:即指兩個(gè)不同的人或事物(異類)在同一方面(同質(zhì))進(jìn)行比較。如:
My room is smaller than yours. 我的房間比你的小。
Our country is more powerful than theirs. 我們的國家比他們的國家更強(qiáng)大。
(2) 同類異質(zhì)比較:即指同一個(gè)人或事物(同類)在兩個(gè)不同的方面(異質(zhì))進(jìn)行比較,這類句子常譯為“(更多的)是……,而不是”、“與其……不如……”等。如:
He was more lucky than clever. 他是靠運(yùn)氣而不是靠聰明。
She was mare surprised than angry. 她感到更多的是驚訝而不是生氣。
This is more a war movie than a western. 這更應(yīng)當(dāng)說是一部戰(zhàn)爭片,而不是西部片。
按英語習(xí)慣,在進(jìn)行同類異質(zhì)比較時(shí),只能用more構(gòu)成比較級(jí),不能用-er形式,即使是單音節(jié)詞也是如此。



英語形容詞副詞用法大全
比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)及其使用
形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)
說 明 例 詞
一般情況 加er, est smaller,smallest
以e 結(jié)尾 加r,st larger,largest
單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)多音節(jié)的形容詞,加詞尾er ,est 以"輔音字母+y "結(jié)尾的詞 改y為i,再加er,est busier,busiest
重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母 雙寫末尾輔音字母,加er,est fatter,fattest
以ow,er結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞 加er ,est narrower,narrowest  cleverer,clevest
多數(shù)雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)的詞 加more most more beautiful,  most important  
  
副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)
  1.大多數(shù)以ly結(jié)尾的副詞前加more 和most 來構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。
  2.少數(shù)單音節(jié)副詞,加er,est 構(gòu)成其比較級(jí)和最高級(jí) 。
  幾個(gè)特殊的形容詞和副詞
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)
good ,well better best
bad, ill, badly worse worst
many ,much more most
little less least
far farther, further farthest,further
old older, elder oldest, eldest
 
比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的常用句型
名稱 句型 例句
相等 as 原形 as    (as 原形+名詞 as ) The train travels as fast as the 3:55 train. He has not as much money as his friend.
不及 not as(so) 原形 as   (not as[so ]+名詞+原形 as ) She is not as (so)beautiful as her sister.
比較級(jí)+ than Health is more important than wealth.
超越 the +比較級(jí)+of the two  兩者中較… 的一個(gè) He is the taller of the two.
用于否定 no +比較級(jí)+than   和…一樣不 He is no richer than I.  他和我一樣不富有。
用于否定 最…不過 His work couldn't be worse.  他的工作再糟糕不過了。
程度遞增 er and er,more and more+多音節(jié)詞原級(jí) (越來越…) higher and higher more and more important
兩種情況同時(shí)變化 the +比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)  (越…,越…) The quicker you get ready, the sooner we'll be able to leave.
三者或三者以上比較 the +最高級(jí)+of/in+比較范圍  (…之中最…) Of all things in the world, people are the precious.
  
比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的修飾語
  1.用于原級(jí)之前:
  almost, nearly, just, exactly, quite, half , twice,three times , a third,etc.
  John is almost as tall as you.
  The river is three times as long as that one.
  We have a third as many students as we had last term.
  2.用于比較級(jí)前
  many, a few (用于"more +可數(shù)名詞"前)
  It takes many more hours to go there by train than by plane.
  a lot, much , a bit, even, a little , still, a great deal, far, rather, two years, ten percent,three times etc.
  It's cold this year, but it's even colder last year.
  We produced 6% more grain this year than we did last year.
  3.用于形容詞和最高級(jí)前
  the very , much the ,by far the ,the first/second
  This hat is by far the largest in the world.
  Gold is the very most valuable of all materials .
四、形容詞的比較等級(jí)
1.形容詞原級(jí)的用法
形容詞的原級(jí)常用于"as…as"及"not as(so)…as"兩種句型中.
(1)句型"as…as",表示兩者相比較,程度相同.例如:
The old man walks as fast as a young man.
這位老人走路與年輕人一樣快.
Science is as important as maths.
自然科學(xué)與數(shù)學(xué)一樣重要.
This coat is as expensive as that one.
這件上衣與那件一樣貴.
(2)句型"not as(so)…as",表示兩者相比較,前者不如后者.例如:
I'm not as tall as Jack. 我沒有杰克高.
She doesn't run so fast as I. 她沒有我跑得快.
This warship is not so big as that one.
這艘軍艦沒有那艘大.
同級(jí)比較歌訣
同級(jí)比較用原級(jí),as…as不分離;
若是否定加not,as…as否前者.
(3)在使用"as…as"與"not as(so)…as" 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),應(yīng)該特別注意"as…as"或"not as(so)as…"中間的形容詞必須是原級(jí).例如:
(正)Today is as warm as yesterday.
(誤)Today is as warmer as yesterday.
(正)I'm not so careful as my brother.
(誤)I'm not so more careful as my brother.
(4)需要注意的形容詞的原級(jí)用法:
①"數(shù)詞+times+as+形容詞原級(jí)+as"(是……的幾倍).例如:
This tree is twice as short as that one.
這棵樹比那棵樹矮一倍.
My scores are three times as many as yours.
我的分?jǐn)?shù)是你的三倍.
This road is four times as wide as that one.
這條馬路的寬度是那條的四倍.
②"half+as+形容詞原級(jí)+as"(……的一半……).例如:
My English is not half as good as yours.
我的英語不如你的一半好.
This town is half as big as ours.
這個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)有我們城鎮(zhèn)的一半大.
The rivers in the north aren't half as many as those in the south. 北方的河流不如南方的一半多.
③"as…as"結(jié)構(gòu)中,若形容詞作定語修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),不定冠詞a(an)應(yīng)置于形容詞與名詞之間.例如:
English is as important a subject as maths.
英語是和數(shù)學(xué)同樣重要的一門學(xué)科.
Uncle Wang is as good a man as my father.
王叔叔是與我父親同樣好的一個(gè)人.
This is as famous a school as ours.
這是一所與我們學(xué)校同樣著名的學(xué)校.
④"as…as"結(jié)構(gòu)若指同一個(gè)人或物,則并無比較意義,而只是說明某人或某物具有兩種性質(zhì).譯為"又……又……"或"不但……而且……".例如:
This computer is as good as it is cheap.
這臺(tái)電腦又好又便宜.
The boy is as strong as he is brave.
這個(gè)男孩又健壯又勇敢.
The city of Suzhou is as beautiful as it is clean.
蘇州城既美麗又干凈.

2.形容詞比較等級(jí)的構(gòu)成
形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成分規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種.
(1)規(guī)則變化如下表:
單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞
構(gòu)成法
一般在單音節(jié)詞末尾加-er,-est
以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)以le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,只在詞尾加-r或-st
以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)單詞,要雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母,再加-er或-est
以"一個(gè)輔音字母+y"結(jié)尾的單詞,要將y變?yōu)閕,再加-er,-est
少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,只在詞尾加-er或-est
多音節(jié)詞及部分雙音節(jié)詞
在詞前加more, the most
不規(guī)則變化如下表.
原級(jí)----------------------------- 比較級(jí)--------------------最高級(jí)
good(好的) well(好的,健康的)--better----------------------Best
bad(壞的)ill(生病的)--------------worse----------------------Worst
many(多的)much(多的)-----------more-----------------------most
old(老的)----------------------------older elder-----------------oldest eldest
little(少的)---------------------------less------------------------least
far(遠(yuǎn)的)-----------------------------farther further------------farthest furthest

3.形容詞比較級(jí)的用法
(1)表示兩者之間比較時(shí),用"形容詞比較級(jí)+than"或"less…than"兩種句型.例如:
Your mother looks healthier than before.
你媽媽看上去比以前健康了.
I'm less interested in basketball than you.
我沒有你對籃球感興趣.
(2)形容詞的比較級(jí)還可以用于以下句型中.
①more and more… 越來越…….例如:
The park is getting more and more beautiful.
這個(gè)公園變得越來越美了.
China had become stronger and stronger.
中國已變得越來越強(qiáng)大了.
②the more…the… 越……就越…….例如:
The more books we read, the cleverer we will become.
我們讀的書越多,就會(huì)變得越聰明.
The more trees, the better. 樹越多越好.
The sooner, the better. 越早越好.
The more exercise we take, the healthier we are.
我們越鍛煉,身體就越健康.
③"the+比較級(jí)+of the two…"兩個(gè)中較……的一個(gè).例如:
I'd like to go to the farther of the two places.
我愿意去兩個(gè)地方中更遠(yuǎn)的那個(gè)地方.
She is the fatter of the two girls.
她是那兩個(gè)女孩中較胖的一個(gè).
④"比較級(jí)+than any other+單數(shù)名詞"比其他任何……都…….例如:
Li Lei is taller than any other boy in his class.
李雷比他班上其他任何一個(gè)男孩都高.(暗指李雷最高)
The population of China is larger than any other's in the world. 中國的人口比世界上其他任何國家的人口都多.(暗指中國人口最多)
③形容詞比較級(jí)前還可以用much,a lot, far, even, still, a little, no, any等表示程度的詞來修飾.例如:
I feel a little better than yesterday.
我感覺比昨天好一點(diǎn)兒了.
The job is far more difficult than before.
這工作比以前要難得多.

4.形容詞最高級(jí)的用法
(1)三者或三者以上相比較,用"the+最高級(jí)+名詞+范圍"結(jié)構(gòu).例如:
This is the cleanest place of the city.
這是這個(gè)城市最干凈的地方.
Hu Yun is the fastest of all the girls in our class.
胡云是我們班女生中跑得最快的.
(2)表示"最……之一",用"one of the+形容詞最高級(jí)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞".例如:
The Great Wall of China is one of the greatest buildings in the world.
中國的長城是世界上最偉大的建筑之一.
This is one of the most interesting books that I've ever read.這是我讀過的最有趣的書之一.
注意
形容詞最高級(jí)前面必須加定冠詞the,但當(dāng)形容詞最高級(jí)前面有物主代詞修飾時(shí),則不加the.例如:
(正)This is my best friend.
(誤)This is my the(the my) best friend.
這是我最好的朋友.
(正)Today is the happiest day of my life.
(誤)Today is happiest day of my life.
今天是我生命中最快樂的一天.
五、幾種常見的形容詞句型
1.形容詞+介詞+名詞(或代詞或動(dòng)名詞)
I'm not interested in playing computer games.
我對打電腦游戲不感興趣.
My parents are pleased with my studies.
我父母對我的學(xué)習(xí)感到滿意.

2.It is(was)+形容詞+of/for+名詞(或代詞)+不定式
It's foolish of me to make such a mistake.
犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤,我真是太傻了.
It was kind of the driver to send the old man home.
這位司機(jī)把老人送回家,他真是太好了.
It's difficult for me to finish the work in a day.
對我來說,一天之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作很難.

3.形容詞+不定式
常用于這種句型的形容詞有:able,sure,lucky,ready,happy,likely等.例如:
She is sure to pass the exam.
她一定會(huì)通過考試的.
I'm lucky to meet you here.
我真幸運(yùn),能在這兒碰到你.
六、一些沒有比較級(jí)的形容詞
在英語中,有很多形容詞沒有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式,所以它們的語義只能用形容詞的原級(jí)來表示.分類如下:
(1)以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞,如daily(每日的),weekly(每周的),monthly(每月的),yearly(每年的),brotherly(兄弟般的),sisterly(姐妹般的)等.
(2)表示事物性質(zhì),材料成分的形容詞,如wooden(木制的),silken(絲制的),woollen(羊毛制的),electric(電的),industrial(工業(yè)的)等.
(3)表示時(shí)間的形容詞,如past(過去的),future(將來的),then(當(dāng)時(shí)的),once(從前的),present(當(dāng)今的)等.
(4)與幾何形狀有關(guān)的形容詞,如round(圓的),vertical(垂直的),cubic(立方的),triangular(三角形的)等.
(5)表示國籍的形容詞,如Chinese(中國的),American(美國的),Japanese(日本的),Russian(俄國的)等.
(6)表示方位的形容詞,如eastern(東方的),western(西方的),middle(中間的),right(右邊的),left(左邊的)等.
(7)表示某種絕對狀態(tài)的形容詞,如dead(死的),deaf(聾的),blind(瞎的),dumb(啞的)等.
(8)表示"終極"意義的形容詞,如such(這樣的),whole(整個(gè)的),complete(完全的),thorough(徹底的)等.
(9)表示順序和單一概念的形容詞,如first(第一的),last(最后的),next(下一個(gè)的),following(以下的),only(惟一的)等.
(10)一些只作表語的形容詞,如afraid(害怕的),asleep(睡著的),alive(活著的),awake(醒著的),ashamed(慚愧的)等.
(11)部分表示數(shù)量及不定量含義的形容詞,如some(一些),several(幾個(gè)的),certain(某一的)等.
七、部分形容詞的用法比較
1.pleased, pleasing與pleasant
pleased的含義是"(自己)感到滿意,高興",后常跟介詞at,with.例如:
I'm pleased to see you here.
在這兒見到你很高興.
She's pleased with our programme.
她對我們的節(jié)目很滿意.
pleasing表示"令人欣喜的",相當(dāng)于"giving pleasure".例如:
My sister's progress in dancing is pleasing.
我姐姐在舞蹈方面的進(jìn)步令人高興.
The baby has a pleasing voice.
這個(gè)嬰兒的聲音很悅耳.
pleasant表示"快樂的,愉快的".例如:
The girl has a pleasant childhood.
這個(gè)女孩有一個(gè)快樂的童年.
To have a pleasant holiday is my favorite.
過一個(gè)愉快的假期是我最喜歡的.

2. living, alive與live
living作定語時(shí),既可置于所修飾的名詞之前,也可置于所修飾的名詞之后,譯為"活著的,當(dāng)代的".在句中充當(dāng)定語及表語.例如:
He is the greatest living writer in America.
他是當(dāng)今美國最偉大的作家.
Not all living things live on sunlight.
并非所有的生物都依賴陽光生存.
My grandparents are still living.
我的祖父母仍然健在.
alive譯為"活著的",可以在句中作表語及定語.作定語時(shí),位于它所修飾的名詞之后.例如:
He may be the busiest person alive.
他可能是世上最忙的人了.
Is that sheep dead or alive
那頭羊是死了還是活著
alive還有"活潑的,活動(dòng)的,有生機(jī)的"之意.例如:
You seem very much alive today.
你今天看起來很活躍.
live表示"活著的","現(xiàn)場直播的",在句子中可以作定語,表語.例如:
Have you seen a live whale
你見過活的鯨魚嗎
The programme is live.
這個(gè)節(jié)目是現(xiàn)場直播的.

3. big與large
big用得比較廣泛,可以與large換用,另外還可以表示"偉大","巨大","重要"之意.large著重指"體積,容積"之大.例如:
There is a large garden in our town.
我們鎮(zhèn)上有一個(gè)大花園.
Is there a big tree in front of your house
你的房子前有一棵大樹嗎
It's said that he is a big man.
據(jù)說他是一個(gè)大人物.

4.sleepy與asleep
sleepy表示"困乏的,想睡覺的",而asleep表示"睡著的,熟睡的".例如:
Are you sleepy at this time of day
白天的這個(gè)時(shí)候你困嗎
The baby fell asleep as soon as his mother left.
他媽媽一離開,這個(gè)嬰兒就睡著了.

5.worth與worthy
worth意為"值得的",后接v-ing形式,構(gòu)成"be worth doing"結(jié)構(gòu),也可接表示價(jià)格的名詞及錢數(shù);worthy意為"值得的",后接"of+名詞(或being+過去分詞)",構(gòu)成"be worthy of+名詞(或being done)"結(jié)構(gòu)或"be worthy to be done"結(jié)構(gòu).例如:
The book is well worth reading.這本書很值得一讀.
This coat is worth one hundred yuan.
這件上衣價(jià)值一百元.
This problem is worthy of being discussed.
這個(gè)問題值得討論.
The land is worthy to be used.
這塊地值得開發(fā).
幾個(gè)無比較意義的比較級(jí)句型歸納
1. no more than =only 只有,僅僅,只不過
There are no more than a hundred people in the hall. 大廳里只有100人。
2. not more than=at the most 不超過,至多
There are not more than a hundred people in the hall. 大廳里至多100人。
3. no less than 多達(dá),不少于
He made no less than£500. 他賺了多達(dá)五百英鎊的錢。
He walks no less than five miles to school. 他上學(xué)至少要走五英里。
4. less than 不到,不太,極不
I won‘t take less than $5000 for my car. 我的汽車低于5000美元不賣。
The boys were less than happy about having a party. 開晚會(huì)男孩子并不很高興。
Doctors have been less than successful in treating this condition.
醫(yī)生在治療這種病時(shí)極不成功。
5. more than 多于,超過(=over,后接數(shù)詞);不只是(=not only,后接名詞、動(dòng)詞或副詞);非常,十分(=very,后接形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞或分詞);難以,完全不能(用于more than…can…)
He was more than seventy years of age. 他有七十多歲了。
He more than smiled, but laughed. 他不只是微笑而是大笑。
They were more than glad to help. 他們非常樂于幫忙。
That is more than I can tell. 那我就不知道了。
6. more or less (=almost, nearly, about) 基本上,差不多,大約
The work is more or less finished. 工作基本上完成了。
The repairs will cost $30, more or less. 修理費(fèi)大約要30美元。
7. sooner or later 遲早,早晚,總有一天
You should tell her because she‘ll find out sooner or later.
你還是告訴她吧,因?yàn)樗缤頃?huì)發(fā)覺的。
8. what‘s more 而且,此外,還有,更有甚者
I missed the bus and had to walk home. What‘s more, it was raining and I got all wet.
我趕不上巴士,不得不走回家,而且那時(shí)正在下雨,我全身都濕透了。
9. no sooner…than… 一……就……
He had no sooner arrived than he was asked to leave again. 他剛到就被支走了。

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