本文推薦了一個(gè)用于對(duì) C/C++ 程序進(jìn)行編譯和連接以產(chǎn)生可執(zhí)行程序的通用 Makefile。
在
使用 Makefile 之前,只需對(duì)它進(jìn)行一些簡(jiǎn)單的設(shè)置即可;而且一經(jīng)設(shè)置,即使以后對(duì)源程序文件有所增減一般也不再需要改動(dòng) Makefile。因
此,即便是一個(gè)沒(méi)有學(xué)習(xí)過(guò) Makefile 書(shū)寫(xiě)規(guī)則的人,也可以為自己的 C/C++ 程序快速建立一個(gè)可工作的 Makefile。
這個(gè) Makefile 可以在 GNU Make 和 GCC 編譯器下正常工作。但是不能保證對(duì)于其它版本的 Make 和編譯器也能正常工作。
此 Makefile 的使用方法如下:
程序目錄的組織
盡量將自己的源程序集中在一個(gè)目錄中,并且把 Makefile 和源程序放在一起,這樣用起來(lái)比較方便。當(dāng)然,也可以將源程序分類存放在不同的目錄中。
在程序目錄中創(chuàng)建一個(gè)名為 Makefile 的文本文件,將后面列出的 Makefile 的內(nèi)容復(fù)制到這個(gè)文件中。(注意:在復(fù)制的過(guò)程
中,Makfile 中各命令前面的 Tab 字符有可能被轉(zhuǎn)換成若干個(gè)空格。這種情況下需要把 Makefile 命令前面的這些空格替換為一
個(gè) Tab。)
將當(dāng)前工作目錄切換到 Makefile 所在的目錄。目前,這個(gè) Makefile 只支持在當(dāng)前目錄中的調(diào)用,不支持當(dāng)前目錄和 Makefile 所在的路徑不是同一目錄的情況。
指定可執(zhí)行文件
程序編譯和連接成功后產(chǎn)生的可執(zhí)行文件在 Makefile 中的 PROGRAM 變量中設(shè)定。這一項(xiàng)不能為空。為自己程序的可執(zhí)行文件起一個(gè)有意義的名子吧。
指定源程序
要編譯的源程序由其所在的路徑和文件的擴(kuò)展名兩項(xiàng)來(lái)確定。由于頭文件是通過(guò)包含來(lái)使用的,所以在這里說(shuō)的源程序不應(yīng)包含頭文件。
程序所在的路徑在 SRCDIRS 中設(shè)定。如果源程序分布在不同的目錄中,那么需要在 SRCDIRS 中一一指定,并且路徑名之間用空格分隔。
在 SRCEXTS 中指定程序中使用的文件類型。C/C++ 程序的擴(kuò)展名一般有比較固定的幾種形
式:.c、.C、.cc、.cpp、.CPP、.c++、.cp、或者.cxx(參見(jiàn) man gcc)。擴(kuò)展名決定了程序是 C 還是 C++ 程
序:.c 是 C 程序,其它擴(kuò)展名表示 C++ 程序。一般固定使用其中的一種擴(kuò)展名即可。但是也有可能需要使用多種擴(kuò)展名,這可以
在 SOURCE_EXT 中一一指定,各個(gè)擴(kuò)展名之間用空格分隔。
雖然并不常用,但是 C 程序也可以被作為 C++ 程序編譯。這可以通過(guò)在 Makefile 中設(shè)置 CC = $(CXX) 和 CFLAGS = $(CXXFLAGS) 兩項(xiàng)即可實(shí)現(xiàn)。
這個(gè) Makefile 支持 C、C++ 以及 C/C++ 混合三種編譯方式:
如果只指定 .c 擴(kuò)展名,那么這是一個(gè) C 程序,用 $(CC) 表示的編譯命令進(jìn)行編譯和連接。
如果指定的是除 .c 之外的其它擴(kuò)展名(如 .cc、.cpp、.cxx 等),那么這是一個(gè) C++ 程序,用 $(CXX) 進(jìn)行編譯和連接。
如果既指定了 .c,又指定了其它 C++ 擴(kuò)展名,那么這是 C/C++ 混合程序,將用 $(CC) 編譯其中的 C 程序,用 $(CXX) 編譯其中的 C++ 程序,最后再用 $(CXX) 連接程序。
這些工作都是 make 根據(jù)在 Makefile 中提供的程序文件類型(擴(kuò)展名)自動(dòng)判斷進(jìn)行的,不需要用戶干預(yù)。
指定編譯選項(xiàng)
編譯選項(xiàng)由三部分組成:預(yù)處理選項(xiàng)、編譯選項(xiàng)以及連接選項(xiàng),分別由 CPPFLAGS、CFLAGS與CXXFLAGS、LDFLAGS 指定。
CPPFLAGS 選項(xiàng)可參考 C 預(yù)處理命令 cpp 的說(shuō)明,但是注意不能包含 -M 以及和 -M 有關(guān)的選項(xiàng)。如果是 C/C++ 混合編程,也可以在這里設(shè)置 C/C++ 的一些共同的編譯選項(xiàng)。
CFLAGS 和 CXXFLAGS 兩個(gè)變量通常用來(lái)指定編譯選項(xiàng)。前者僅僅用于指定 C 程序的編譯選項(xiàng),后者僅僅用于指定 C++ 程序的編譯選
項(xiàng)。其實(shí)也可以在兩個(gè)變量中指定一些預(yù)處理選項(xiàng)(即一些本來(lái)應(yīng)該放在 CPPFLAGS 中的選項(xiàng)),和 CPPFLAGS 并沒(méi)有明確的界限。
連接選項(xiàng)在 LDFLAGS 中指定。如果只使用 C/C++ 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù),一般沒(méi)有必要設(shè)置。如果使用了非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù),應(yīng)該在這里指定連接需要的選項(xiàng),如庫(kù)所在的路徑、庫(kù)名以及其它聯(lián)接選項(xiàng)。
現(xiàn)在的庫(kù)一般都提供了一個(gè)相應(yīng)的 .pc 文件來(lái)記錄使用庫(kù)所需要的預(yù)編譯選項(xiàng)、編譯選項(xiàng)和連接選項(xiàng)等信息,通過(guò) pkg-config 可以動(dòng)態(tài)提取
這些選項(xiàng)。與由用戶顯式指定各個(gè)選項(xiàng)相比,使用 pkg-config 來(lái)訪問(wèn)庫(kù)提供的選項(xiàng)更方便、更具通用性。在后面可以看到一個(gè) GTK+ 程序的例
子,其編譯和連接選項(xiàng)的指定就是用 pkg-config 實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
編譯和連接
上面的各項(xiàng)設(shè)置好之后保存 Makefile 文件。執(zhí)行 make 命令,程序就開(kāi)始編譯了。
命令 make 會(huì)根據(jù) Makefile 中設(shè)置好的路徑和文件類型搜索源程序文件,然后根據(jù)文件的類型調(diào)用相應(yīng)的編譯命令、使用相應(yīng)的編譯選項(xiàng)對(duì)程序進(jìn)行編譯。
編譯成功之后程序的連接會(huì)自動(dòng)進(jìn)行。如果沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤的話最終會(huì)產(chǎn)生程序的可執(zhí)行文件。
注意:在對(duì)程序編譯之后,會(huì)產(chǎn)生和源程序文件一一對(duì)應(yīng)的 .d 文件。這是表示依賴關(guān)系的文件,通過(guò)它們 make 決定在源程序文件變動(dòng)之后要進(jìn)行哪些更新。為每一個(gè)源程序文件建立相應(yīng)的 .d 文件這也是 GNU Make 推薦的方式。
Makefile 目標(biāo)(Targets)
下面是關(guān)于這個(gè) Makefile 提供的目標(biāo)以及它所完成的功能:
make
編譯和連接程序。相當(dāng)于 make all。
make objs
僅僅編譯程序產(chǎn)生 .o 目標(biāo)文件,不進(jìn)行連接(一般很少單獨(dú)使用)。
make clean
刪除編譯產(chǎn)生的目標(biāo)文件和依賴文件。
make cleanall
刪除目標(biāo)文件、依賴文件以及可執(zhí)行文件。
make rebuild
重新編譯和連接程序。相當(dāng)于 make clean && make all。
關(guān)于這個(gè) Makefile 的實(shí)現(xiàn)原理不準(zhǔn)備詳細(xì)解釋了。如果有興趣的話,可參考文末列出的“參考資料”。
Makefile 的內(nèi)容如下:
- #############################################################
- # Generic Makefile for C/C++ Program
- #
- # License: GPL (General Public License)
- # Author: whyglinux <whyglinux AT gmail DOT com>
- # Date: 2006/03/04 (version 0.1)
- # 2007/03/24 (version 0.2)
- # 2007/04/09 (version 0.3)
- # 2007/06/26 (version 0.4)
- # 2008/04/05 (version 0.5)
- #
- # Description:
- # ------------
- # This is an easily customizable makefile template. The purpose is to
- # provide an instant building environment for C/C++ programs.
- #
- # It searches all the C/C++ source files in the specified directories,
- # makes dependencies, compiles and links to form an executable.
- #
- # Besides its default ability to build C/C++ programs which use only
- # standard C/C++ libraries, you can customize the Makefile to build
- # those using other libraries. Once done, without any changes you can
- # then build programs using the same or less libraries, even if source
- # files are renamed, added or removed. Therefore, it is particularly
- # convenient to use it to build codes for experimental or study use.
- #
- # GNU make is expected to use the Makefile. Other versions of makes
- # may or may not work.
- #
- # Usage:
- # ------
- # 1. Copy the Makefile to your program directory.
- # 2. Customize in the "Customizable Section" only if necessary:
- # * to use non-standard C/C++ libraries, set pre-processor or compiler
- # options to <MY_CFLAGS> and linker ones to <MY_LIBS>
- # (See Makefile.gtk+-2.0 for an example)
- # * to search sources in more directories, set to <SRCDIRS>
- # * to specify your favorite program name, set to <PROGRAM>
- # 3. Type make to start building your program.
- #
- # Make Target:
- # ------------
- # The Makefile provides the following targets to make:
- # $ make compile and link
- # $ make NODEP=yes compile and link without generating dependencies
- # $ make objs compile only (no linking)
- # $ make tags create tags for Emacs editor
- # $ make ctags create ctags for VI editor
- # $ make clean clean objects and the executable file
- # $ make distclean clean objects, the executable and dependencies
- # $ make help get the usage of the makefile
- #
- #===========================================================================
-
- ## Customizable Section: adapt those variables to suit your program.
- ##==========================================================================
-
- # The pre-processor and compiler options.
- MY_CFLAGS =
-
- # The linker options.
- MY_LIBS =
-
- # The pre-processor options used by the cpp (man cpp for more).
- CPPFLAGS = -Wall
-
- # The options used in linking as well as in any direct use of ld.
- LDFLAGS =
-
- # The directories in which source files reside.
- # If not specified, only the current directory will be serached.
- SRCDIRS =
-
- # The executable file name.
- # If not specified, current directory name or `a.out' will be used.
- PROGRAM =
-
- ## Implicit Section: change the following only when necessary.
- ##==========================================================================
-
- # The source file types (headers excluded).
- # .c indicates C source files, and others C++ ones.
- SRCEXTS = .c .C .cc .cpp .CPP .c++ .cxx .cp
-
- # The header file types.
- HDREXTS = .h .H .hh .hpp .HPP .h++ .hxx .hp
-
- # The pre-processor and compiler options.
- # Users can override those variables from the command line.
- CFLAGS = -g -O2
- CXXFLAGS= -g -O2
-
- # The C program compiler.
- #CC = gcc
-
- # The C++ program compiler.
- #CXX = g++
-
- # Un-comment the following line to compile C programs as C++ ones.
- #CC = $(CXX)
-
- # The command used to delete file.
- #RM = rm -f
-
- ETAGS = etags
- ETAGSFLAGS =
-
- CTAGS = ctags
- CTAGSFLAGS =
-
- ## Stable Section: usually no need to be changed. But you can add more.
- ##==========================================================================
- SHELL = /bin/sh
- EMPTY =
- SPACE = $(EMPTY) $(EMPTY)
- ifeq ($(PROGRAM),)
- CUR_PATH_NAMES = $(subst /,$(SPACE),$(subst $(SPACE),_,$(CURDIR)))
- PROGRAM = $(word $(words $(CUR_PATH_NAMES)),$(CUR_PATH_NAMES))
- ifeq ($(PROGRAM),)
- PROGRAM = a.out
- endif
- endif
- ifeq ($(SRCDIRS),)
- SRCDIRS = .
- endif
- SOURCES = $(foreach d,$(SRCDIRS),$(wildcard $(addprefix $(d)/*,$(SRCEXTS))))
- HEADERS = $(foreach d,$(SRCDIRS),$(wildcard $(addprefix $(d)/*,$(HDREXTS))))
- SRC_CXX = $(filter-out %.c,$(SOURCES))
- OBJS = $(addsuffix .o, $(basename $(SOURCES)))
- DEPS = $(OBJS:.o=.d)
-
- ## Define some useful variables.
- DEP_OPT = $(shell if `$(CC) --version | grep "GCC" >/dev/null`; then \
- echo "-MM -MP"; else echo "-M"; fi )
- DEPEND = $(CC) $(DEP_OPT) $(MY_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)
- DEPEND.d = $(subst -g ,,$(DEPEND))
- COMPILE.c = $(CC) $(MY_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c
- COMPILE.cxx = $(CXX) $(MY_CFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c
- LINK.c = $(CC) $(MY_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS)
- LINK.cxx = $(CXX) $(MY_CFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS)
-
- .PHONY: all objs tags ctags clean distclean help show
-
- # Delete the default suffixes
- .SUFFIXES:
-
- all: $(PROGRAM)
-
- # Rules for creating dependency files (.d).
- #------------------------------------------
-
- %.d:%.c
- @echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
- @$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
-
- %.d:%.C
- @echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
- @$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
-
- %.d:%.cc
- @echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
- @$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
-
- %.d:%.cpp
- @echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
- @$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
-
- %.d:%.CPP
- @echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
- @$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
-
- %.d:%.c++
- @echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
- @$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
-
- %.d:%.cp
- @echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
- @$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
-
- %.d:%.cxx
- @echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
- @$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
-
- # Rules for generating object files (.o).
- #----------------------------------------
- objs:$(OBJS)
-
- %.o:%.c
- $(COMPILE.c) $< -o $@
-
- %.o:%.C
- $(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
-
- %.o:%.cc
- $(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
-
- %.o:%.cpp
- $(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
-
- %.o:%.CPP
- $(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
-
- %.o:%.c++
- $(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
-
- %.o:%.cp
- $(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
-
- %.o:%.cxx
- $(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
-
- # Rules for generating the tags.
- #-------------------------------------
- tags: $(HEADERS) $(SOURCES)
- $(ETAGS) $(ETAGSFLAGS) $(HEADERS) $(SOURCES)
-
- ctags: $(HEADERS) $(SOURCES)
- $(CTAGS) $(CTAGSFLAGS) $(HEADERS) $(SOURCES)
-
- # Rules for generating the executable.
- #-------------------------------------
- $(PROGRAM):$(OBJS)
- ifeq ($(SRC_CXX),) # C program
- $(LINK.c) $(OBJS) $(MY_LIBS) -o $@
- @echo Type ./$@ to execute the program.
- else # C++ program
- $(LINK.cxx) $(OBJS) $(MY_LIBS) -o $@
- @echo Type ./$@ to execute the program.
- endif
-
- ifndef NODEP
- ifneq ($(DEPS),)
- sinclude $(DEPS)
- endif
- endif
-
- clean:
- $(RM) $(OBJS) $(PROGRAM) $(PROGRAM).exe
-
- distclean: clean
- $(RM) $(DEPS) TAGS
-
- # Show help.
- help:
- @echo 'Generic Makefile for C/C++ Programs (gcmakefile) version 0.5'
- @echo 'Copyright (C) 2007, 2008 whyglinux <whyglinux@hotmail.com>'
- @echo
- @echo 'Usage: make [TARGET]'
- @echo 'TARGETS:'
- @echo ' all (=make) compile and link.'
- @echo ' NODEP=yes make without generating dependencies.'
- @echo ' objs compile only (no linking).'
- @echo ' tags create tags for Emacs editor.'
- @echo ' ctags create ctags for VI editor.'
- @echo ' clean clean objects and the executable file.'
- @echo ' distclean clean objects, the executable and dependencies.'
- @echo ' show show variables (for debug use only).'
- @echo ' help print this message.'
- @echo
- @echo 'Report bugs to <whyglinux AT gmail DOT com>.'
-
- # Show variables (for debug use only.)
- show:
- @echo 'PROGRAM :' $(PROGRAM)
- @echo 'SRCDIRS :' $(SRCDIRS)
- @echo 'HEADERS :' $(HEADERS)
- @echo 'SOURCES :' $(SOURCES)
- @echo 'SRC_CXX :' $(SRC_CXX)
- @echo 'OBJS :' $(OBJS)
- @echo 'DEPS :' $(DEPS)
- @echo 'DEPEND :' $(DEPEND)
- @echo 'COMPILE.c :' $(COMPILE.c)
- @echo 'COMPILE.cxx :' $(COMPILE.cxx)
- @echo 'link.c :' $(LINK.c)
- @echo 'link.cxx :' $(LINK.cxx)
-
- ## End of the Makefile ## Suggestions are welcome ## All rights reserved ##
- ##############################################################
#############################################################
# Generic Makefile for C/C++ Program
#
# License: GPL (General Public License)
# Author: whyglinux <whyglinux AT gmail DOT com>
# Date: 2006/03/04 (version 0.1)
# 2007/03/24 (version 0.2)
# 2007/04/09 (version 0.3)
# 2007/06/26 (version 0.4)
# 2008/04/05 (version 0.5)
#
# Description:
# ------------
# This is an easily customizable makefile template. The purpose is to
# provide an instant building environment for C/C++ programs.
#
# It searches all the C/C++ source files in the specified directories,
# makes dependencies, compiles and links to form an executable.
#
# Besides its default ability to build C/C++ programs which use only
# standard C/C++ libraries, you can customize the Makefile to build
# those using other libraries. Once done, without any changes you can
# then build programs using the same or less libraries, even if source
# files are renamed, added or removed. Therefore, it is particularly
# convenient to use it to build codes for experimental or study use.
#
# GNU make is expected to use the Makefile. Other versions of makes
# may or may not work.
#
# Usage:
# ------
# 1. Copy the Makefile to your program directory.
# 2. Customize in the "Customizable Section" only if necessary:
# * to use non-standard C/C++ libraries, set pre-processor or compiler
# options to <MY_CFLAGS> and linker ones to <MY_LIBS>
# (See Makefile.gtk+-2.0 for an example)
# * to search sources in more directories, set to <SRCDIRS>
# * to specify your favorite program name, set to <PROGRAM>
# 3. Type make to start building your program.
#
# Make Target:
# ------------
# The Makefile provides the following targets to make:
# $ make compile and link
# $ make NODEP=yes compile and link without generating dependencies
# $ make objs compile only (no linking)
# $ make tags create tags for Emacs editor
# $ make ctags create ctags for VI editor
# $ make clean clean objects and the executable file
# $ make distclean clean objects, the executable and dependencies
# $ make help get the usage of the makefile
#
#===========================================================================
## Customizable Section: adapt those variables to suit your program.
##==========================================================================
# The pre-processor and compiler options.
MY_CFLAGS =
# The linker options.
MY_LIBS =
# The pre-processor options used by the cpp (man cpp for more).
CPPFLAGS = -Wall
# The options used in linking as well as in any direct use of ld.
LDFLAGS =
# The directories in which source files reside.
# If not specified, only the current directory will be serached.
SRCDIRS =
# The executable file name.
# If not specified, current directory name or `a.out' will be used.
PROGRAM =
## Implicit Section: change the following only when necessary.
##==========================================================================
# The source file types (headers excluded).
# .c indicates C source files, and others C++ ones.
SRCEXTS = .c .C .cc .cpp .CPP .c++ .cxx .cp
# The header file types.
HDREXTS = .h .H .hh .hpp .HPP .h++ .hxx .hp
# The pre-processor and compiler options.
# Users can override those variables from the command line.
CFLAGS = -g -O2
CXXFLAGS= -g -O2
# The C program compiler.
#CC = gcc
# The C++ program compiler.
#CXX = g++
# Un-comment the following line to compile C programs as C++ ones.
#CC = $(CXX)
# The command used to delete file.
#RM = rm -f
ETAGS = etags
ETAGSFLAGS =
CTAGS = ctags
CTAGSFLAGS =
## Stable Section: usually no need to be changed. But you can add more.
##==========================================================================
SHELL = /bin/sh
EMPTY =
SPACE = $(EMPTY) $(EMPTY)
ifeq ($(PROGRAM),)
CUR_PATH_NAMES = $(subst /,$(SPACE),$(subst $(SPACE),_,$(CURDIR)))
PROGRAM = $(word $(words $(CUR_PATH_NAMES)),$(CUR_PATH_NAMES))
ifeq ($(PROGRAM),)
PROGRAM = a.out
endif
endif
ifeq ($(SRCDIRS),)
SRCDIRS = .
endif
SOURCES = $(foreach d,$(SRCDIRS),$(wildcard $(addprefix $(d)/*,$(SRCEXTS))))
HEADERS = $(foreach d,$(SRCDIRS),$(wildcard $(addprefix $(d)/*,$(HDREXTS))))
SRC_CXX = $(filter-out %.c,$(SOURCES))
OBJS = $(addsuffix .o, $(basename $(SOURCES)))
DEPS = $(OBJS:.o=.d)
## Define some useful variables.
DEP_OPT = $(shell if `$(CC) --version | grep "GCC" >/dev/null`; then echo "-MM -MP"; else echo "-M"; fi )
DEPEND = $(CC) $(DEP_OPT) $(MY_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)
DEPEND.d = $(subst -g ,,$(DEPEND))
COMPILE.c = $(CC) $(MY_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c
COMPILE.cxx = $(CXX) $(MY_CFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c
LINK.c = $(CC) $(MY_CFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS)
LINK.cxx = $(CXX) $(MY_CFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS)
.PHONY: all objs tags ctags clean distclean help show
# Delete the default suffixes
.SUFFIXES:
all: $(PROGRAM)
# Rules for creating dependency files (.d).
#------------------------------------------
%.d:%.c
@echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
@$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
%.d:%.C
@echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
@$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
%.d:%.cc
@echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
@$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
%.d:%.cpp
@echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
@$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
%.d:%.CPP
@echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
@$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
%.d:%.c++
@echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
@$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
%.d:%.cp
@echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
@$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
%.d:%.cxx
@echo -n $(dir $<) > $@
@$(DEPEND.d) $< >> $@
# Rules for generating object files (.o).
#----------------------------------------
objs:$(OBJS)
%.o:%.c
$(COMPILE.c) $< -o $@
%.o:%.C
$(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
%.o:%.cc
$(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
%.o:%.cpp
$(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
%.o:%.CPP
$(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
%.o:%.c++
$(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
%.o:%.cp
$(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
%.o:%.cxx
$(COMPILE.cxx) $< -o $@
# Rules for generating the tags.
#-------------------------------------
tags: $(HEADERS) $(SOURCES)
$(ETAGS) $(ETAGSFLAGS) $(HEADERS) $(SOURCES)
ctags: $(HEADERS) $(SOURCES)
$(CTAGS) $(CTAGSFLAGS) $(HEADERS) $(SOURCES)
# Rules for generating the executable.
#-------------------------------------
$(PROGRAM):$(OBJS)
ifeq ($(SRC_CXX),) # C program
$(LINK.c) $(OBJS) $(MY_LIBS) -o $@
@echo Type ./$@ to execute the program.
else # C++ program
$(LINK.cxx) $(OBJS) $(MY_LIBS) -o $@
@echo Type ./$@ to execute the program.
endif
ifndef NODEP
ifneq ($(DEPS),)
sinclude $(DEPS)
endif
endif
clean:
$(RM) $(OBJS) $(PROGRAM) $(PROGRAM).exe
distclean: clean
$(RM) $(DEPS) TAGS
# Show help.
help:
@echo 'Generic Makefile for C/C++ Programs (gcmakefile) version 0.5'
@echo 'Copyright (C) 2007, 2008 whyglinux <whyglinux@hotmail.com>'
@echo
@echo 'Usage: make [TARGET]'
@echo 'TARGETS:'
@echo ' all (=make) compile and link.'
@echo ' NODEP=yes make without generating dependencies.'
@echo ' objs compile only (no linking).'
@echo ' tags create tags for Emacs editor.'
@echo ' ctags create ctags for VI editor.'
@echo ' clean clean objects and the executable file.'
@echo ' distclean clean objects, the executable and dependencies.'
@echo ' show show variables (for debug use only).'
@echo ' help print this message.'
@echo
@echo 'Report bugs to <whyglinux AT gmail DOT com>.'
# Show variables (for debug use only.)
show:
@echo 'PROGRAM :' $(PROGRAM)
@echo 'SRCDIRS :' $(SRCDIRS)
@echo 'HEADERS :' $(HEADERS)
@echo 'SOURCES :' $(SOURCES)
@echo 'SRC_CXX :' $(SRC_CXX)
@echo 'OBJS :' $(OBJS)
@echo 'DEPS :' $(DEPS)
@echo 'DEPEND :' $(DEPEND)
@echo 'COMPILE.c :' $(COMPILE.c)
@echo 'COMPILE.cxx :' $(COMPILE.cxx)
@echo 'link.c :' $(LINK.c)
@echo 'link.cxx :' $(LINK.cxx)
## End of the Makefile ## Suggestions are welcome ## All rights reserved ##
##############################################################
下面提供兩個(gè)例子來(lái)具體說(shuō)明上面 Makefile 的用法。
例一 Hello World 程序
這個(gè)程序的功能是輸出 Hello, world! 這樣一行文字。由 hello.h、hello.c、main.cxx 三個(gè)文件組成。前兩個(gè)文件是 C 程序,后一個(gè)是 C++ 程序,因此這是一個(gè) C 和 C++ 混編程序。
-
-
-
-
- #ifndef HELLO_H
- #define HELLO_H
-
- #ifdef __cplusplus
- extern "C" {
- #endif
-
- void print_hello();
- #ifdef __cplusplus
- }
-
- #endif
- #endif
-
-
-
-
-
-
- #include "hello.h"
- #include <stdio.h>
-
- void print_hello()
- {
- puts( "Hello, world!" );
- }
-
-
-
-
-
-
- #include "hello.h"
-
- int main()
- {
- print_hello();
- return 0;
- }
/* File name: hello.h
* C header file
*/
#ifndef HELLO_H
#define HELLO_H
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
void print_hello();
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif
/* File name: hello.c
* C source file.
*/
#include "hello.h"
#include <stdio.h>
void print_hello()
{
puts( "Hello, world!" );
}
/* File name: main.cxx
* C++ source file.
*/
#include "hello.h"
int main()
{
print_hello();
return 0;
}
建立一個(gè)新的目錄,然后把這三個(gè)文件拷貝到目錄中,也把 Makefile 文件拷貝到目錄中。之后,對(duì) Makefile 的相關(guān)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行如下設(shè)置:
PROGRAM := hello # 設(shè)置運(yùn)行程序名
SRCDIRS := . # 源程序位于當(dāng)前目錄下
SRCEXTS := .c .cxx # 源程序文件有 .c 和 .cxx 兩種類型
CFLAGS := -g # 為 C 目標(biāo)程序包含 GDB 可用的調(diào)試信息
CXXFLAGS := -g # 為 C++ 目標(biāo)程序包含 GDB 可用的調(diào)試信息
由于這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的程序只使用了 C 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù)的函數(shù)(puts),所以對(duì)于 CFLAGS 和 CXXFLAGS 沒(méi)有過(guò)多的要求,LDFLAGS 和 CPPFLAGS 選項(xiàng)也無(wú)需設(shè)置。
經(jīng)過(guò)上面的設(shè)置之后,執(zhí)行 make 命令就可以編譯程序了。如果沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤出現(xiàn)的話,./hello 就可以運(yùn)行程序了。
如果修改了源程序的話,可以看到只有和修改有關(guān)的源文件被編譯。也可以再為程序添加新的源文件,只要它們的擴(kuò)展名是已經(jīng)在 Makefile 中設(shè)置過(guò)的,那么就沒(méi)有必要修改 Makefile。
例二 GTK+ 版 Hello World 程序
這個(gè) GTK+ 2.0 版
的 Hello World 程序可以從下面的網(wǎng)址上得到:http://www./tutorial/c58.html#SEC-
HELLOWORLD。當(dāng)然,要編譯 GTK+ 程序,還需要你的系統(tǒng)上已經(jīng)安裝好了 GTK+。
跟第一個(gè)例子一樣,單獨(dú)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的目錄,把上面網(wǎng)頁(yè)中提供的程序保存為 main.c 文件。對(duì) Makefile 做如下設(shè)置:
PROGRAM := hello # 設(shè)置運(yùn)行程序名
SRCDIRS := . # 源程序位于當(dāng)前目錄下
SRCEXTS := .c # 源程序文件只有 .c 一種類
CFLAGS := `pkg-config --cflags gtk+-2.0` # CFLAGS
LDFLAGS := `pkg-config --libs gtk+-2.0` # LDFLAGS
這是一個(gè) C 程序,所以 CXXFLAGS 沒(méi)有必要設(shè)置——即使被設(shè)置了也不會(huì)被使用。
編譯和連接 GTK+ 庫(kù)所需要的 CFLAGS 和 LDFLAGS 由 pkg-config 程序自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生。
現(xiàn)在就可以運(yùn)行 make 命令編譯、./hello 執(zhí)行這個(gè) GTK+ 程序了。