一、形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級
(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)
大多數(shù)形容詞和副詞有三個等級：
1)原級，即原形。
2)比較級，表示“較……”或“更……一些”的意思。
3)最高級，表示“最……”的意思。
1.形容詞和副詞比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成
(1)規(guī)則變化
單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞
一般在詞尾加-er或-est
cold colder coldest
strong stronger strongest
fast faster fastest
slow slow slowest
以字母e結(jié)尾的形容詞，加-r或-st
nice nicer nicest
large larger largest
重讀閉音節(jié)詞只有一個輔音字母時，應(yīng)先雙寫輔音字母，再加-er或-est
big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
hot hotter hottest
以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，先改“y”為“i”，再加-er或-est
easy esaier easiest
happy happier happiest
early earlier earliest
少數(shù)以-er，-ow 結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞clever(聰明的)未尾加-er，-est
clever cleverer cleverest
narrow narrower narrowest
多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞
在詞前加more或most
delicious more delicious most delicious
interesting more interesting most interting
easily more easily most easily
carefully more carefully most carefully
(2)不規(guī)則變化
good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
much/many more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
2.形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級的用法
比較級：表示兩者(人或事物)的比較
Mr King is taller than Mr Read
This mooncakes is nicer than that one。
The tractor is going faster than the bike。
最高級：表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比較，其中有一個在某一方面超過
其他幾個時，用最高級。最高級的前面一般要加定冠詞the。后面可帶of(in)
短語來說明比較的范圍。
Whose drawing is he best of all?
She is the youngest in the class.
The taxi is going ghe fastest.
Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.
注：在形容詞和副詞的比較級前，有時可以用much，a little等來修飾，
如：much better a little taller
二、數(shù)詞(Numerals)(2)
序數(shù)詞(Ordinal Numbers)
序數(shù)詞表示事物的順序，往往與定冠詞the連用。
fist 1st twentieth 20th
second 2nd twenty-first 21th
third 3nd thirieth 30th
fourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th
fifth 5nd fortieth 40th
sixth 6th fiftieth 50th
seventh 7th sixtieth 60th
eighth 8th seventieth 70th
nineth 9th ninetieth 80th
tenth 10th hundredth 100th
eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st
twelfth 12th
三、冠詞(Articles)
冠詞是一種虛詞，讓在名詞的前面，幫助說明名詞的含義，
冠詞分不定冠詞(The Indefinite Article)
和定冠詞(The Define Article)兩種，a(an)是不定冠詞。
a用在輔音之前，如：a road
a boy;an用在元音之前，如：an hour ;an old man等;the是定冠詞。
1.不定冠詞的用法
用于可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前，指人或事物的某一種類。
Susan is a scientist.
Pass me an orange,please.
指某人或某事，但不具體說明何人或何物。
A boy is looking for you。
We work five days a week。
表示“一”這個數(shù)量，但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。
I have a mouth，a nose，two eyes and two ears。
用于某些固定的詞組中。
a few ，a little ，a lot of ，a moment ago
2.定冠詞的用法。
特指某些人或某些事物
Show me the photo of the boy。
The book on the desk is mine。
指雙方都知道的人或事物。
Where are the new books，Jim?
They are on the small table。
指上文提過的人或事物。
Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big。
用在世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物前。
The sun is bigger than the moon。
用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級前。
The first month of the year is January。
Walk along this road，and take the fourth turning on the left。
用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。
the Great Wall
the Women's Hospital
用在一些習(xí)慣用語中。
in the morning(afternoon，evening)，
on the left(right)，at the back(front)of
the day befoer yesterday，all the same
3.不用冠詞的情況
在專有名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前，
China，Grade Two，Bill Smilk，milk
名詞前已有作定語用的this，that，my，your，some，any等代詞。
The letter is in her bag ,
Come this way,please .
I have some question.
復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或事物時，
My father and mother are teachers.
I like cakes.
在星期，月份，季節(jié)，節(jié)日前，
It is Sunday(Monday，Tuesday，etc。)today。
June 1st is Children's Day in China。
It is cold in winter。
在稱呼語或表示頭銜的名詞前。
Mr Mott is going on a trip。
What colour are Mrs Green's shoes?
在三餐飯和球類運(yùn)動的名詞前。
He went to shool before breakfast this morning。
Can you play basketball?
四、動詞(Verbs)(2)
1.動詞的種類(Kinds of Verbs)
行為動詞Action Verbs：含有實(shí)在的意義，表示動作或狀態(tài)，在句中能獨(dú)立作謂語。
She has some bananas。
They often come back early。
I listen to the radio every day。
連系動詞Link Verbs：本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語，必須與表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。
His father is a teacher。
Twins usually look the same。
Trees turn green。
助動詞Auxiliary Verbs 本身沒有詞義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞，表示否定，疑問，時態(tài)或其他語法形式。
He doesn't speak Englist。
We are playing basketball。
Do you have a brother?
情態(tài)動詞Modal Verbs
本身有一定的意義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語，只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞，表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)，情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。
She can speak a little English。
May I speak to Ann,please?
We must go now。
2.一般過去時態(tài)(The Simple Past Tense)
一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和過去的時間狀語連用，如：yesterday，last night，in 1990，two days ago等，也表示過去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，常和often，always等表示頻度的時間狀語連用。例如：
I got up at 6：30 yesterday。
My father was at work yesterday afternoon。
He always went to work by bus last year。
一般過去時的構(gòu)成
be
肯定句：I was……
He (she，it) was……
We(You，They)were……
否定句 I was not(wasn't)……
He(She，It)was not(wasn't)……
We(You，They)were not(weren't)……
work
肯定句 I(You，He，She，It，We，You，They)worked。
否定句 I(You，He，She，It，We，You，They)did not(didn't)worked。
there be
肯定句
There was……
There were……
否定句
There was not(wasn't)……
There were not (weren't)……
疑問句和簡略答語
be
第一人稱
Was I……?Yes，you were。No，you were not。
Were we……?Yes，we(you)were。No，we(you)were not。
第二人稱
Were you……?Yes,I was。No，I was not。
Were you……?Yes，we were。No，we were not。
第三人稱
Was he (she，it)……?Yes，he(she，it)was。No，he(she，it) was not。
Were they ……?Yes，they were。No，they were not。
work
第一人稱
Did I work?Yes，you did。No，you did not。
Did we work?Yes，we(you)did。No,we(you) did not。
第二人稱
Did you work?Yes，I did。No,I did not。
Did you work?Yes，we did。No,we did not。
第三人稱
Did he (she，it)work?Yes，he(she，it)did。No，he(she，it)did not。
Did they work?Yes，they did。No,they did not。
there be
Was there a/any……?Yes，there was。No，there was not。
Was there any……?Yes，there were。No，there were not。
規(guī)則動詞過去式地構(gòu)成
一般在動詞原形末尾加-ed 例如:look looked,play played,
結(jié)尾是e的動詞加-d 例如:live lived,hope hoped,use used
末尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,先雙寫這個輔音字母,再加-ed
例如:stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped
結(jié)尾是"輔音字母+y"的動詞,先變y為i再加-ed. 例如:study studied
carry carried,worry worried.
常見的不規(guī)則動詞有:
am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-did get-got
come-came say-said see-saw put-put eat-ate take-took
3.一般將來時態(tài)(The Simple Future Tense)
一般將來時表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示將來將來經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作,常與表示將來的時間狀語連用.如:tomorrow,next,week,next
year等
例如:I will go to my hometown next week.
We will come to see you every Sunday.
1)一般將來時的構(gòu)成 一般將來時由"助動詞"will+動詞原形"構(gòu)成.在口語中,will
在名詞或代詞后常簡縮為'll,will not常簡縮為won't.在疑問句中,主語為第一人稱
(I和well)時,常用助動詞shall.
第一人稱肯定式I/We will go.否定式I/will not go.疑問式Shall/we go ?
第二人稱肯定式Y(jié)ou not go.否定式Y(jié)ou will not go.疑問句Will you go?
第三人稱肯定式He/She/It/They will go.否定式He/She/It/They will not go.
疑問式Will he/she/it/they go?
注:(1)在書面語中,主語式第一人稱(I和we)時,常用助動詞shall+動詞原形.例如:
I shall write you a letter next month.
We shall be very please to see you.
(2)在表示"帶意愿色彩的將來"時,常用will.例如:
I will tell you all about it.
(3)在問對方是否愿意,或表示客氣的邀請或命令時,常用will.例如:
Will you go to the zoo with me?
Will you please open the window?
(4)在表示建議或者征求對方意見時,可用shall.例如:
Shall we go at the ten?
Shall we get some food?
2)用"be going to+動詞原形"表示將要發(fā)生的的事或打算,計(jì)劃,決定要作的事情.
例如:
What are you going to next Sunday?下星期你打算干什么?
They're going to meet outside the school gate.他們打算在校門口見面.
We're not going to have any classes next week.下一周我們不上課.
五、句子的成分(Members of the sentence)
組成句子的各個部分叫做句子的成分,即:主語.謂語.表語.賓語.賓語補(bǔ)足語.定語和狀語.
主語和謂語是句子的主體部分.表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語都是謂語里的組成部分
主語(The Subject) 表示句子所說的是什么人或什么事物,一般由名詞 代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的短語等充當(dāng).例句:Lucy is an American girl.
We study in No.1 Middle School.
謂語(The Predicate)說明主語"做什么","是什么"或者是怎么樣.謂語(謂語部分里主要是詞)用動詞.謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)兩方面必須一致.例如:We love China.
Mike hope to be a doctor.His parents are farmers.She is singing.
表語(The Predicative) 說明主語是什么或者怎么樣,由名詞、形容詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當(dāng)，和連系動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。例句:Her aunt is a driver.
賓語(The Object)表示動作或行為的對象,由名詞,代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞,短語等充當(dāng),和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么.例句:He often helps me.
We study English at school. Did you see him yesterday?
定語(The Attribute)用來休息名詞或代詞.做定語的除形容詞外,還有代詞,數(shù)詞,名詞,介詞短語或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語等.例句:The black bike is mine.
We have four lessons in the morning.What's your name.please?
狀語(The Adverbial)用來修飾動詞,形容詞或副詞.一般表示行為發(fā)生的時間,地點(diǎn),目的,方式,程度等意義,通常由副詞,介詞短語或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語等來表示
例句:People are all working hard.It is very nice.
We had a meeting this afternoon.
六、句子的種類(Kings of Sentence)
1.四種疑問句(Four Kind of Question)
選擇疑問句(The Alternative Question)
提出兩種或兩種以上的情況,要求對方選擇一種,這種疑問句叫選擇疑問句.它的機(jī)構(gòu)是一般疑問句加or加一般疑問句,但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.說
是or前面部分用聲調(diào),后面用降調(diào).如:Is her brother a adoctor or a teacher?
Would you like tea or coffee?Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on sunday?
反意疑問句(The Tag Question)
反意疑問句表示提問者有一定的主見,但沒有把握,希望對方來證實(shí).
反意疑問句由兩部分組成,前一部分是對事物的陳述,后一部分是簡單的提問.如果前一部分用肯定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式;前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用肯定的形式兩部分的人稱和時態(tài)要一致.反意疑問句陳述的部分用降調(diào).后辦部分可升可降.提問者對陳述部分把握較大時,后半部分用降調(diào);把握不大時,用降調(diào).The weather here is very cold,isn't it?
You're from Australia,aren't you? Yes,I am .
對反意疑問句的回答,不管問題的提法如何,若事實(shí)是肯定的,就要用Yes,事實(shí)是否定的,就要用no.這和漢語不一樣,應(yīng)該注意.如:
He isn't going to the meeting,is he?它不去參加會是嗎?
Yes,he is.不,他要去的.
No ,he isn't.對他不起.
2.感嘆句(The Exclamatory Sentence)
感嘆句多用how和what引起.how 和what與所修飾的詞放在句首,其他部分用陳訴語氣.在口語中謂語常省略
(1)how作狀語,修飾形容詞,副詞和動詞.如:
How cold it is today!
How delicious they are!
How beautiful the flowers are!
How I miss you!
(2)what作定語,修飾名詞(名詞前可由其他定語),單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前要加不定冠詞a(an).如:
What a good idear!
What a beautiful day!
What a happy woman!
感嘆句用來表示強(qiáng)烈的感情.句末要用感嘆號!,讀時要用降調(diào).在口語中常用省略句.后面的主語和謂語往往省略,由時候只用一個詞或者是詞組.如:How cold! Wonderful
