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第二章 代詞 【名師導(dǎo)讀】 第一步學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：掌握人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、不定代詞、疑問代詞等基本知識。 代詞是用來代替名詞的一種詞類，主要有人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞和關(guān)系代詞等八大類。 代詞是中考必考的詞類之一，也是學(xué)習(xí)的重點。上述八種代詞中，出現(xiàn)頻率最高的依次是不定代詞、人稱代詞、物主代詞、疑問代詞、反身代詞；其次是指示代詞和關(guān)系代詞。題型主要在“單項選擇”和“完形填空”中。 【考點一】人稱代詞用法
【說明】 （1）人稱代詞有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，主格和賓格之別，請看下表：
（2）主格在句中作主語，常置于謂語（動詞）前；而賓格在句中作賓語，常置于動詞或介詞之后。例如： Could you help me? 你能幫助我嗎？ （help是動詞，故之后只能用賓格me.） He is doing his homework. 他正在做作業(yè)。（他在句中作主語，故用主格he.） （3）在短語動詞里，若是“動詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，則賓格代詞要置于動詞和副詞的中間。例如： Please pick it up. 請把它拾起來。 【注意】 幾個人稱代詞并列作主語時，出于禮貌，其排列順序是： （1）單數(shù)代詞：you, he(she, it) and I. （2）復(fù)數(shù)代詞：we, you, they. （3）強調(diào)責(zé)任或承認錯誤時，常把第一人稱I放在最前面。
【說明】 （1）be用法如下：I am, you are, he is, she is, it is. we are, they are. （2）一個人名表示第三人稱單數(shù)，用is, 兩個或兩個以上的人名用復(fù)數(shù)are.
【說明】 (1) 主格在句中作主語，常放在動詞前。 (2) 賓格在句中作賓語，常放在動詞或介詞后。 (3) 若物歸某人所有就用人稱代詞的所有格。 【考點二】物主代詞
【說明】 （1）形容詞性物主代詞與名詞性物主代詞如下表：
（2）一改指： my→mine. （3）二不變指：指his-----his its-----its. （4）四加-s指：your------yours, her-----hers our-----ours, their-----theirs
【說明】 （1）形容詞性物主代詞，必須用在名詞前作定語，起修飾和限定的作用。例如： my pen 我的鋼筆 our classroom 我們的教室 her bookshelf 她的書架 （2）名詞性物主代詞，后面不能跟名詞。例如： This basketball is mine. 這球是我的。 Those books are hers. 那些書是她的。 （3）注意：漢語口語中常說“我父親”、“你妹妹”、“他爺爺”等，英語中必須使用物主代詞，如my father, your sister, his grandfather. 【考點三】反身代詞
【說明】 （1）反身代詞表示“某人自己”，單數(shù)以self結(jié)尾，復(fù)數(shù)以selves結(jié)尾。如下表：
（2）反身代詞在句中可作主語和賓語的同位語，起強調(diào)作用。作“親自”、“本人”解，表示動作的執(zhí)行者和承受者是同一個人或同一物。例如： I cooked myself a good meal. 我為自己做了一頓美餐。（作動詞cook的賓語） She can look after herself. 她能照顧自己。（作介詞after的賓語） （3）反身代詞常用在某些短語中。
【典型例題】 (1) He teaches himself English. = He learns English by himself. 他自學(xué)英語。 (2) The girl is old enough to look after herself. =The girl is old enough to take care of herself. 那個女孩夠大了，能照顧她自己了。 (3) They had a good time at the party last night. =They enjoyed themselves at the party last night. 昨晚他們在晚會上玩得很高興。 (4) He can do it all by himself. 他自己完全能做這件事。 (5) Help yourself to some chicken, Lucy. 露西，請隨便吃點雞肉吧！ Help yourselves to some chicken, kids. 孩子們，請隨便吃點雞肉吧！ 【考點四】疑問代詞
【說明】 a. 詢問姓名： ---What’s your name? ---My name is Kate. b. 詢問物品： ---What’s this/that in English? ---It’s an apple. ---What’re these/those in English? ---They’re buses. c. 詢問數(shù)量： ---What’s five and/plus six? ---It’s eleven. ---What’s ten minus six? ---It’s four. d. 詢問年級、班級、排、行、組等 ---What class are you in? ---I’m in Class One, Grade Seven. ---What row/team is she in? ---She is in Row / Team Three. e. 詢問號碼： ---What number is your car? ---It’s 88888. f. 詢問顏色： ---What color are the coats? ---They’re red. g. 詢問時間： ---What time is it?/ What’s the time? ---It’s half past six. h. 詢問發(fā)生了什么事： ---What’s wrong with your bike?/What’s the matter/trouble with your bike? ---It’s broken. i. 詢問行為動作： ---What is Jim’s mother doing? ---She is cooking. j. 詢問衣著： ---What are they wearing? ---They are wearing blue trousers and black shoes. k. 詢問星期和日期： ---What day is it today? ---It’s Friday. ---What’s the date today? ---It’s June 1st. l. 詢問職業(yè)： ---What do you do/What’s your job/What are you? ---I’m a student. ---What does he do/What’s his job/What is he? ---He is a doctor. m. 用來征詢對方的意見 ---What about something to eat/drink? ---Good idea. ---What do you think of the book? (=How do you like the book?/How do you feel about the book?) ---I think it’s very interesting. n. 詢問某地有某物： ---What’s on the desk? ----There are two books and a pen. o. 詢問看見某物 ---What can you see in the sky? ---I can see two planes. p. 問需要某物： ---What do you want? ---I want a cake. ---What would you like? ---I’d like a cup of tea. q. 問某人的愛好： ---What’s your favorite sport? ---My favorite sport is basketball. r. 問性格 ---What’s he like? --He is outgoing. s. 問相貌 ---What does he look like? ----He is tall with short hair.
【說明】 （１）how原意是“怎樣”，指方式、方法，也可以指健康狀況。 a. --How do you do? 你好！ --How do you do? 你好！ b. --How is your father? 你父親身體好嗎? --He is fine, thank you. 他很好，謝謝！ c. --How did you come to school last week? 上周你是怎樣來學(xué)校的？ --I came to school on foot. 我是步行來的。 d. --How do you like China? 你認為中國怎么樣？ --I like it very much. 我非常喜歡它。 （２）how far表示“多遠”，用來提問距離。 --How far is it from your home to school? 從你家到學(xué)校有多遠？ --It’s about ten minutes’ walk. 大約十分鐘的路程。 （３）how old 表示“多大”，用來提問年齡。 --How old are you? 你有多大年齡？ --I am fifteen years old. 我有十五歲。 （４）how many 表示“多少”，用來提問數(shù)量，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 --How many students are there in your class? 你班里有多少學(xué)生? --There are fifty students. 有五十個學(xué)生。 （５）how much表示“多少”，也用來提問數(shù)量，但只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞。也可以用來提問價錢。 --How much milk do you want? 你想要多少牛奶？ --I want two bottles of milk.我想要兩瓶牛奶。 --How much are the pants? 這褲子多少錢？ --They’re sixty dollars. 它們六十美元。 （６）how often 表示“多久一次”，用來提問頻率副詞，如always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, once a week, three times a year等。 --How often do you exercise? 你多久鍛煉一次？ --I exercise every day. 我每天都鍛煉。 （７）how soon 表示“多久以后”，用來一般將來時，用來提問in引導(dǎo)的短語。 --How soon will your mother come back? 你媽媽多久以后回來？ --She will come back in a week. 她將一周后回來。 （８）how long 表示“多久”，用來提問for, since引導(dǎo)的短語，表示一段時間，通常用于現(xiàn)在完成時，只能與持續(xù)性動詞連用。How long也可表示“多長”。 --How long have you been in China? 你來中國有多久了？ --I have been in China for two years. 我來中國有兩年了。
【說明】 （1）who（誰），是主格，在句中作主語；whom（誰）是賓格，用作動詞和介詞的賓語；whose（誰的）是所有格，相當(dāng)于形容詞。 （2）where(哪里)用來提問地點，在句中作狀語。 （3）when（什么時候）用來提問時間，在句中作狀語。 （４）which(哪一個)，后跟名詞。 【考點五】指示代詞
【說明】 (1) 指示代詞基本用法
(2) this, these可指后面要講到的事情，而that, those常指前面提到過的事物。 Lucy asked me to go shopping with her tomorrow. I’m afraid I can’ do that. 露西叫我明天和她去購物。恐怕我不能去。（that指上句中提到的go shopping with her） (3) that, those可用來指代前面提到的名詞。 The weather in Guangdong is hotter than that in Beijing. 廣東的天氣比北京的熱。(that 指前面提到的weather) Apples in Shandong are better than those in Sichuan. 山東的蘋果比四川的好。（those指前面提到的apples） (4) 在打電話時，常用this介紹自己是“誰”，用that詢問對方是“誰”。 --Hello. This is Li Lei. What’s that? 你好！我是李雷。你是誰？ --This is Mary. 我是瑪麗。 【考點六】不定代詞
【說明】
【說明】
注意：both與neither互為反義詞； none與all互為反義詞。
【說明】 (1) some和any都可以修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，表示“一些”，some通常用于肯定句，any用于疑問句、否定句和條件狀語從句中。 (2) 在希望對方肯定回答的疑問句中，用some, 這類句型通常是表示邀請或請求的句子。 如： How about drinking some coffee? 喝一些咖啡怎么樣？ Would you like some bananas? 你想要一些香蕉嗎？ (3) some-和any-與body/thing/one構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞的用法與some, any的用法一致。
(4) 形容詞或不定式修飾上述復(fù)合不定代詞時須后置。如：something important 一些重要的東西，something to eat 吃的東西。 (5) 不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Something is wrong with your computer. 你的電腦出毛病了。 6．4 another, other, others, the other, the others的用法 圖解巧記other系列不定代詞
6.5 plenty of, a great number of, many, much, a lot of/lots of的用法
6.6 it, them, one與ones的用法
【拓展】it常用的固定句型 (1) It’s +adj. +(for sb.) +to do sth. (2) It’s time to do /for … (3) It seems that …(后跟從句) (4) It’s one’s turn/duty to do sth. 【基礎(chǔ)鞏固 課堂練習(xí)】 第二步學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：能用已學(xué)基本知識解決以下問題。 Ⅰ.用適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空 1.________ are you waiting for？ 2.________ camera is more expensive，the smaller one or the larger one？ 3. Do you know ________ dictionary it is？ 4.________ is on duty today？ 5.________ is your mother？She’s very well. 6.---________ do you like the film？ ---I like it very much. 7._______ went to the Great Wall with you？ 8.________ handwriting is the best in the class？ 9. He is ______ a good teacher that ______ of us like him very much. 10. Would you like ______to eat? I think you’re hungry. 11. Help _______ to some chicken, kids. 12. Don’t worry. ___________ goes well. 13. I don’t like the color of the coat. Would you show me ________ one? 14. The children enjoyed __________ at the party last night. 15. Hurry up. There is _________ time left. 16. Mr. Green has two children. One is a doctor, _________ is an engineer. 17. –Who is in the room? _______. They are all on the playground. 18. All the boys are swimming in the river, but _______ of them can swim across it. 19. I have two novels, but I have read _____ of them. 20. There are many trees on ______ side of the road. Ⅱ.單項填空 ( ) 21. There are many trees on ____ side of the street. A. each B. every C. all D. both ( ) 22.There is _______ with my computer. It doesn’t work. A. wrong something B. anything wrong C. something wrong D. wrong nothing ( ) 23.________ parents have been abroad for two years. A. The both of his B. His both C. The both his D. Both of his ( ) 24.I’m free. I have ________ to do. A. anything B. nothing C. something D. everything ( ) 25.Of the three foreigners，one is from New York，________ are from London. A. another two B. the others two C. the other two D. others two ( ) 26. I have four friends.________ of them are workers. A. Both B. All C. Many D. Each ( ) 27. Listen，I have ________ to tell you. A. anything important B. important thing C. important something D. something important ( ) 28.You can borrow my CD player，but you mustn’t lend it to ________. A. others B. other C. the other D. the others ( ) 29. Tom was better at chemistry than ________ of the other boys in his class. A. some B. most C. any D. one ( ) 30. All the students have gone on a field trip. There is ________ in the classroom. A. somebody B. anybody C. everybody D. nobody ( ) 31. _____ can mend the bike. Please give it to _____. A. You, me B. His, him C. She, her D. I, you ( ) 32. Jack and John were ______ very tired, but _____ of them would stop to take a rest. A. both, either B. each, none C. both, neither D. all, none ( ) 33. Lily’s work is better than ________. A. anyone else B. anyone’s else C. anyone’s D. anyone else’s ( ) 34. ---Who is on the playground? ---__________. A. Not one B. Nobody C. None D. Anyone ( ) 35. –How many people are there? ---_________. A. No one B. Nobody C. Not one D. None ( ) 36. ______ have know each other for three years. A. He, you and I B. I, you and he C. You, he and I D. You, I and he ( ) 37. He was too happy to say _______. A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing ( ) 38. _____ takes me half an hour to read English every morning. A. It B. That C. It’s D. One ( ) 39. Everyone was there except Lily and _____. A. I B. me C. my D. mine ( ) 40. Every student should do ______ best to study well. A. its B. her C. my D. their ( ) 41. –Who teaches ______ English? --No one. I teach ______. A. your; myself B. you; myself C. your; me D. you; himself ( ) 42. ---Is _______ here today? --No, Li Ming and Li Gang are away. A. anybody B. everyone C. all D. someone ( ) 43. The weather in Harbin is colder than _____ in Guiyang. A. it B. one C. those D. that ( ) 44. ______ of them are afraid of death. A. Each B. Every C. No one D. None ( ) 45. There is ______ milk in the fridge. Would you like to buy some, Tom? A. a little B. little C. a few D. few 【質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)控制 考試滿分過關(guān)】 以上45小題中，做錯的題目有： ____________________________________； 解決日期是：________________________； 解決途徑：__________________________； 感謝恩人：__________________________. 【全面冥想 縱橫聯(lián)系 睡前練習(xí) 終生記憶】 第三步學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：重點知識再現(xiàn)，加深印象 1. 閉上眼睛，花2分鐘回憶人稱代詞主賓格、形容詞物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的形式，并回憶它們的用法區(qū)別。 2. 閉上眼睛，花2分鐘的時間回憶反身代詞以及固定搭配。 3. 閉上眼睛，花2分鐘回憶有哪些疑問代詞，并注意它們之間的區(qū)別。 4. 閉上眼睛，花2分鐘的時間回憶下列不定代詞的區(qū)別： (1) some與any; (2) few, a few與little, a little的區(qū)別 (3) either, neither, none, both, all (4) another, other, others, the other, the others (5) many, much, a lot of/lots of 5. 閉上眼睛，想一想，it常用的固定句型有哪些？并各舉一例。 【鏈接中考 輕松備考】 第四步學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：能用所學(xué)知識解決2011年中考題。 ( ) 1. —Where did you go for your winter vacation? —My family went to Paris. _____ had a great time. 【2011江西】 A. He B. She C. We D. They ( ) 2. I’m talking to you, Jack. Please listen to____ carefully. 【2011北京】 A. me B. mine C. you D. yours ( ) 3. — Is this ____ ruler? —No. ____ is over there. 【2011天津】 A. her; Her B. her; Hers C. hers; Hers D. hers; Her ( ) 4. —Who is the man over there? —He is an old friend of ___ .【2011山東淄博】 A.I B. my C. mine D. me. ( ) 5. —Yesterday I lost my pencil sharpener. I couldn’t find_______. —Oh, it’s a pity. You’d better buy ______ this afternoon. 【2011昆明】 A. it; it B. it; one C. one; it D. one; one ( ) 6. I have two brothers. One is a teacher, _______ is a doctor. 【2011四川宜賓】 A. another B. other C. others D. the other ( ) 7.—Mom, Bill is coming to dinner this evening. —OK. Let’s give him _____ to eat. 【2011廣東河源】 A. anything different B. different anything C. something different D. different something ( ) 8.—Who teaches _____painting？ —Nobody, I teach _______. 【2011湖北黃石】 A. your; mine B. your; my C. you; myself D. you; me ( ) 9. —Would you like some juice or coffee? — . I really don't mind. 【2011成都】 A. Either B. Neither C. Both ( ) 10. ________is dangerous for us to swim in the river alone. 【2011湖南郴州】 A. It B. That C. This |
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