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would rather that somebody did…“寧愿……;更愿意……”(表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?

would rather that somebody had done…“寧愿……;更愿意……”(表示過去的愿望)

[例句]

i'd rather you posted the letter right now. 我想讓你現(xiàn)在去寄信。

i'd rather you were not a celebrated actor. in that case， we could spend more time together.

我到情愿你不是個(gè)知名演員，這樣我們可以有更多的時(shí)間在一起。

i'd rather that i hadn't seen her yesterday. 我情愿昨天沒有看到她。

as if/though+主語+did/had done…好像……(表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r用過去時(shí);表示過去的情況用過去完成時(shí))[參考句型4]

[例句]

our head teacher treats us as if we were her own children， so all the students in our class think highly of her.

alan talked about rome as if he had been there. alan談起羅馬來就好像他去過那里似的。

“wish +賓語從句”，表示不大 可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望

表示現(xiàn)在的愿望：主語+過去時(shí);

表示過去的愿望：主語+had done;

表示將來的愿望：主語+would/could do

[例句]

how i wish we students had more free time to relax ourselves!我們學(xué)生多么希望有更多的自由時(shí)間放松自己!

i failed in the maths exam. how i wish i hadn't wasted so much time playing!

what a pity you can't go to the party. how i wish i could dance with you at the party!

it's high/about time that somebody did (should do) (should通常不省略) …早就該……

[例句]

it's time that you went to school.= it's time that you should go to school.

it's high time that we did something to improve our environment. 該是我們?yōu)榄h(huán)保做些事情了。

i think it's high time that she made up her mind. 我想她該拿定主意了。

情態(tài)動詞+動詞不定式完成結(jié)構(gòu)的用法

could have done “本來可以……”(表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能)。

might have done “本來可能……;本來應(yīng)該或可以做某事”(實(shí)際沒有發(fā)生;含有輕微的責(zé)備語氣。

should/ought to have done “本來該做某事”(而實(shí)際未做)

should not/ought not to have done “本來不該做”(實(shí)際卻做過了，含有責(zé)備語氣)

needn't have done “本來不必做”(但是已經(jīng)做過了)

would rather have done “當(dāng)時(shí)寧愿做了某事”(實(shí)際沒有做過);否定式would rather not have done表達(dá)相反意思，兩者都有表示“后悔”之意。

as， though， although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。

[注意]although位于句首;though位于句首或句中;as位于句中=though。它的詞序是把句中強(qiáng)調(diào)的形容詞、副詞、動詞或名詞放在連詞前。[參考倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)]請注意下列句式的變化：

[例句]

1. although/though i'm young， i already know what career i want to follow.

→young as/though i am， i already know what career i want to follow.

我雖然年輕，但我已經(jīng)明白我應(yīng)該追隨什么樣的事業(yè)。

2. although/though i respect him very much， i cannot agree with his idea.

→much as/though i respect him， i cannot agree with his idea. 雖然我很尊重他，但是我不同意他的觀點(diǎn)。

3. although/though he is a child， he knows a lot of chinese characters.

→child(省略冠詞)as/though he is， he knows a lot of chinese characters. 他雖然還是個(gè)孩子，卻認(rèn)識了許多漢字。

4. although he tried， he couldn't solve the problem.

→try as he might， he couldn't solve the problem. 盡管他努力了，但是他沒有解決問題。

5. although it is raining， i'm going out for a walk.

→raining as it is， i'm going out for a walk. 天雖然在下雨，我還是要出去散步。

6. strange as it may seem， nobody was injured in the accident. 這次意外雖然顯得不可思議，卻沒有人受傷。

7. much as i would like to help， i have a lot to do. 雖然我很想幫助你，但是我有很多事要做。

8. object as you may， i will go. 縱使你反對，我也要去。

…before…特殊用法(1)“沒來得及……就……”

[例句]

the roof fell before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.

他還沒有來得及沖進(jìn)房間救孩子，房頂就塌了。

he ran off before i could stop him. 我還沒有來得及阻止，他已經(jīng)跑了。

to my great disappointment， my favorite singer left the concert before i could have a word with her.

讓我非常失望的是，我還沒有來得及和我最喜歡的歌手打招呼，她就已經(jīng)離開了。

…before…特殊用法(2)“過了多久才……”或“動作進(jìn)行到什么程度才……”

[例句]

they walked about fifty miles to the west before they saw a village.

他們西行50英里才看到一個(gè)村莊。

the workers worked day and night about three days before everything returned to normal.

工人們連續(xù)工作3天才使一切恢復(fù)正常。

he almost knocked me down before he knew it.

他幾乎撞到我了才意識到。

we had walked a long way before we found some water.

我們走了很長的路才找到一點(diǎn)水。

five years went by before i knew it. 不知不覺，五年過去了。

it was + 時(shí)間段+before…?！斑^了多久才(怎么樣)……”

it was not long before…?！安痪茫汀?br>
it will (not) be +時(shí)間段+before…。“要過多久(不久)……才……”(before從句謂語動詞要用一般時(shí)態(tài))

[例句]

it was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就意識到他處境的危險(xiǎn)。

it was five days before he came back. 五天后他才回來。

it will be half a year before you graduate from the school. 再過半年你才能畢業(yè)。

it will not be long before they understand each other. 他們大概不久就會互相了解。

in case of…(+n.) “以防;萬一”;

in case that…“以防，萬一……”(謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或should+動詞原形)

[例句]

in case of fire， what should we do?

please remind me about it in case i forget/should forget. 萬一我忘了，請?zhí)嵝盐摇?br>
in case (that) john comes/should come， please tell him to wait.

please take your umbrella in case (that it rains/should rain)。帶上雨傘，以防下雨。

it強(qiáng)調(diào)句型

強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本構(gòu)成：it is/was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分 + who(主要指人時(shí))/that + 其余部分

[注意1]

這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的主語、賓語、狀語(包括時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，方式，原因等)，但是不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動詞(參考句型15)。請點(diǎn)擊騰訊認(rèn)證蔡章兵主編QQ757722345空間頂部“關(guān)注”和加微信czbqsyy可獲得我每天更新的信息。

原句的謂語動詞如果是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)，用it is…that/who…。;

原句的謂語動詞如果是過去時(shí)態(tài)，用it was…that/who…。;

強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因或方式時(shí)不要用when， where或how， 必須用that。

[例句1]

i saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.

→it was i who saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語)

→it was in the street that i saw him yesterday afternoon.(強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語)

→it was yesterday afternoon that i saw him in the street.(強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語)

→it was him that/who i saw in the street yesterday afternoon.(強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語)

[例句2]

he didn't go to bed until his mother came back.

→it was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.

he didn't do his homework until his father came back from work.

→it wasn't until his father came back from work that he did his homework.

[例句3]

only when you nearly lose someone do you fully realize how much you value him.

→it is only when you nearly lose someone that you fully realize how much you value him.

只有你快要失去某個(gè)人時(shí)，你才意識到你是多么尊重他。

[例句4]

i was late again because the traffic was very heavy during the rush hour.

→it was because the traffic was very heavy during the rush hour that i was late again.

(強(qiáng)調(diào)句中只能強(qiáng)調(diào)由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，because不能換成since， as， for， now that等)

[注意2]強(qiáng)調(diào)句的疑問結(jié)構(gòu)

一般疑問句 is / was it +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 +who / that …?

特殊疑問句 特殊疑問詞+is /was +it +who / that…?

what is/was it that…? who is/was it that…? when is/was it that…?

where is/was it that…? why is/was it that…? how is/was it that…?

[例句1]

i saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.

→when was it that you saw him in the street?

→who was it that you saw in the street yesterday afternoon?

→where was it that you saw him yesterday afternoon?

[例句2]

i don't know when he will come back.

→i don't know when it is that he will come back.(賓語從句疑問詞后用陳述句語序)

-how was it that you got in touch with mr. smith?你是怎么和smith先生聯(lián)系上的?

-trough a friend of mine. 通過一個(gè)朋友。

(1)、祈使句(表?xiàng)l件)+ or/or else/ otherwise + 主句(表結(jié)果)… “否則…，要不然…”

(2)、祈使句(表?xiàng)l件)+ and +主句(表結(jié)果)

[例句]

hurry up， or you'll be late for class.

please call me up before you come， otherwise/or else/or we might be out.

你來之前打個(gè)電話，否則，我們也許會出去。

think it over and you will find the answer.

give him an inch and he will take a mile. 得寸進(jìn)尺。

work hard and you will make progress every day. 好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上。

…until…?！爸钡健瓡r(shí)候”;not…until…“直到……才……”

[例句]

you are to stay until/till your mother comes back. 你得等到你媽媽回來。

the meeting was put off until ten o'clock. 會議推遲到十點(diǎn)鐘。

the villagers didn't realize how serious the pollution was until all the fish died in the river.

→not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.(倒裝句)

等到湖里的魚全死光了，村民們才意識到污染是多么嚴(yán)重。

he didn't go to bed until his mother came back.

→it was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)

not until he failed in the exam did he realize that he had wasted much time playing computer games.

not until his son came back from school did he go to bed.

unless…“除非，如果不……”(=if…not)

[例句]

i shall go tomorrow unless it rains. 如果不下雨，我明天去。

-shall tom go and play football?

-not unless he has finished his homework. 除非他完成作業(yè)，否則不能出去。

i won't go unless he comes to invite me himself.

除非他本人來邀請我，不然我是不會去的。

i won't attend his birthday party unless invited (=unless i am invited)。 除非被邀請，否則我不

去參加的生日晚會。

when引導(dǎo)的從句

when除了用來引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句、時(shí)間狀語從句、表語從句和定語從句，還有一種用法值得關(guān)注，那就是when引導(dǎo)并列分句，意思是“這時(shí)突然;就在那時(shí)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)另一個(gè)動作的突然發(fā)生。常用于以下句型中：(1)、主語 + be doing… when…意思是“正在做某事這時(shí)……”;(2)、主語 + be about to do…when…;(3)、主語+be on the point of (doing) …when…意思是“正要去做某事這時(shí)……”

[例句]

one day chuck was on a flight across the pacific ocean when suddenly his plane crashed. 有一天，chuck正在太平洋上飛行，這時(shí)他的飛機(jī)突然爆炸了。

i don't know when he will arrive. 我不曉得他什么時(shí)候到達(dá)。

i thought of the happy days when i was in beijing. 我想起了在北京時(shí)的那段快樂日子。

i believe the time will soon come when there will be no weapons in the world. 我相信世界上沒有武器的日子不久就會到來。

i was walking along the river when i heard a drowning boy cry for help. 我正在河邊行走，這時(shí)我突然聽到一個(gè)落水男孩求救。

i was about to leave when it began to rain. 我剛要離開，這時(shí)下雨了。

i had just finished my exam paper when the bell rang， announcing the class was over. 我剛做完作業(yè)，下課鈴響了。

i thought of the happy days when i was in france. 我想到了在法國時(shí)那段快樂日子。

i believe the time will soon come when there will be no weapons in the world. 我相信世界上沒有武器的日子不久就會來臨。

[比較]

i was walking along the street when i caught sight of a tailor's shop. 我正在街上走，這時(shí)我看見一家裁縫店。

i was walking along the streets. just at the moment i caught sight of a tailor's shop. 我在街上走。就在那時(shí)我看見一家裁縫店。

while引導(dǎo)的從句

while除了有“當(dāng)/在……時(shí)候”的意思外(注意：引導(dǎo)的句子謂語動詞只能是延續(xù)性動詞!)，另外的兩層意思也是考查的重點(diǎn)：(1)while = although “盡管”、“雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句;(2)while的意思是“然而;可是”，常用來表達(dá)對比關(guān)系。

[例句]

while i admit that the problem is difficult， i don't think that they can't be solved.

盡管我承認(rèn)這個(gè)問題很難，但是我并不認(rèn)為無法解決。

while i admit his good points， i can see his shortcomings.

雖然我承認(rèn)他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，我也能看出他的缺點(diǎn)。

while i was angry with her， i didn't lose my temper.

雖然我很生氣，但我當(dāng)時(shí)沒有對她發(fā)脾氣。

while i understand your viewpoint， i don't agree with you. 雖然我了解你的見解， 我還是不能同意(你)。

i earn only 120 dollars a week， while she earns 180 dollars. 我一星期只賺120美元，她卻賺180美元。

where…(地點(diǎn)從句)

[注意]where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)從句時(shí)，可以引導(dǎo)定語從句或是邏輯地點(diǎn)狀語從句。當(dāng)它在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，指代地點(diǎn)時(shí)，這時(shí)可以用in which， on which， at which， to which， from which等結(jié)構(gòu)代替。但是它引導(dǎo)邏輯地點(diǎn)狀語從句時(shí)，沒有這樣用法。

[例句]

you should put the book where it was. 把書放回原處。

persistent people begin their success where others end in failure.

不屈不撓者從他人失敗的地方獲取成功。

where there is a will， there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。

where men are greedy， there is never peace. 人類貪欲不止，世界和平無望。

go where you should， keep on studying. 無論你到哪里，你都應(yīng)該繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)。

that is the building where my father works. 那是我父親工作的大樓。

yesterday i went to the department store， where i met my teacher. 昨天我去百貨公司，就在那兒遇見了我的老師。

that's where a change is needed. 那就是需要變更的地方。

we could see the runners very well from where we stood. 從我們所站的地方能很清楚地看到賽跑的選手。

you should let your children play where you can see them. 你應(yīng)該讓小孩在你的視線所及的地方玩耍。

potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.=potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.(本句where引導(dǎo)定語從句)

有些地方太冷不能種水稻，但可以種馬鈴薯。

[請比較下面的句子結(jié)構(gòu)的不同]

potatoes can be grown where it is too cold to grow rice.(本句where引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句)

what引導(dǎo)的從句

what在英語中非?；钴S，它可以用來引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句，但是不用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。在句子里可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語，既可以指人，也可以指物。

[例句]

what is the population of the world? 世界的人口有多少?

what did you pay for this picture? 這幅畫你付了多少錢?

what is most important in life isn't money. 人生最重要的并非是金錢。

will you show me what you bought? 可以把你所買的東西給我看一下嗎?

mary is no longer what she was ten years ago. mary已經(jīng)不是10年前的她了。

as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句

在as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句中，連接代詞as在句子中可以作主語、賓語或表語等，可以指人或物。其在定語從句中的位置比較靈活，即可以在句子前面，在句子中間或句子末尾。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有：as we all know; as is well known to…; as is often the case; as is said/mentioned above; as has been said before; as i told you before; as is evident; as often happens; as can be seen; as is/was expected; as we expect; as i can remember等。

[注意1]as通常只指整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容，不表示部分內(nèi)容。

[注意2]as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句通常指“事先可以預(yù)料到的”“料想到的”，表達(dá)“好”的方面。

[注意3]as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí)，常構(gòu)成the same…as…; such…as…; so/as …as…等結(jié)構(gòu)。在從句中既可以指人、物，也可以指整個(gè)句子。

[例句]

this is also part of your work， as i told you before. 我曾告訴過你，這也是你工作的一部分。

the man was a teacher， as was evident from his way of speaking. 從那人說話的樣子可明顯看出，他是個(gè)老師。

such ideas as he hits on are worthless. 像他那樣偶然想起的主意是無用的。

it's the same story as i heard from her yesterday. 這故事跟我從她那兒聽到的相同。

he will marry as pretty a girl as he can find. 他要盡可能找漂亮的女孩結(jié)婚。

such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.

那些對世界做出巨大貢獻(xiàn)的人們應(yīng)該受到極大的尊重。

which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句(也引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句)

which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句既可以指整個(gè)句子內(nèi)容，也可以指句子的部分內(nèi)容(如單詞或詞組等)，在句子中可以作主語、賓語(動詞或介詞的)、定語等。注意它在句子中的位置：只能放在主句后，不能放在主句前。表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是“不好的”、“事先沒有預(yù)料到的”等時(shí)，常用which，只指物。

[例句]

yellowstone national park， which is in wyoming， is one of the most beautiful national parks in the world. 黃石國家公園位于懷俄明州，是世界上最美麗的國家公園之一。

the clock， which my grandfather bought， is still in good order. 這時(shí)鐘是我祖父買的，現(xiàn)在還走時(shí)很準(zhǔn)。

the picture， for which he paid an enormous amount of money， was a forgery.

那幅畫他花了一大筆錢購買，卻是幅贗品。

she changed her mind again， which made us all angry. 她又改變了主意，這使我們大家都生氣了。

i lived three years in paris， during which time i learned french. 我在巴黎住了三年，在那期間我學(xué)了法語。

the weather turned out to be very good， which was more than we could expect. 天氣結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)晴，

這是我們沒有預(yù)料到的。

(從句)if + were/did(動詞的過去式)，(主句)主語 + would/might/should/could + do(表示對現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè))

[例句]

if i were you， i would not be so proud. 如果我是你，我不會如此自負(fù)。

i don't have a cellphone. if i had one， it would be convenient for me to get in touch with others.

if i were in your position， i would think better of it. 如果我處在你的位置，我會好好考慮它。

(從句)if + had done， (主句)主語+ would/might/should/could +have done(表示對過去或已經(jīng)發(fā)生事情的虛擬假設(shè))

[例句]

what a pity it is that you didn't attend the concert yesterday! if you had attended the concert， you would have seen the famous singer.

真遺憾昨天你沒有去聽音樂會。如果你去了，就能見到那位著名歌手。

anyone in his position would have done the same.

=if anyone had been in his position， he would have done the same. 任何處在他位置的人都會這樣做的。

(從句)if + were/did(動詞過去式)/were to do/should do，(主句)主語+ would/might/should/could + do(表示對將來的假設(shè))

[例句]

if he should refuse (= if he were to refuse=if he refused)， it didn't matter at all. 萬一他拒絕了，那也沒關(guān)系。

if you shouldn't pass the college entrance examination， what would you do?

萬一高考不中，你該怎么辦?

虛擬語氣條件句的倒裝

在虛擬條件句中，如果出現(xiàn)有were， had， should，可以省去if， 把這些詞放在句子前面，構(gòu)成虛擬倒裝句。

[例句]

should he act like that again， he would be fined. 如果他還這樣做，就要受罰。

had the doctor come in time last night (=if the doctor had come in time last time)， the boy would have been saved. 昨天晚上要是醫(yī)生及時(shí)到達(dá)，小孩就會得救。

were i to go to the moon one day， i would see it with my own eyes.

had i enough money (= if i had enough money)， i would buy a larger house.