英語詞典中有多少個以字母 X 開頭的單詞? 字母X在英語中的使用相對較少,尤其是用在單詞首字母上。牛津詞典網站(en.)上收錄了所有當下詞匯,其中包含從 X 自己到 xystus 在內的120個以X開頭的單詞。這一總數(shù)還包括人名、地名和事件名稱。 更為龐大的歷史性詞典《牛津英語辭典》收錄所有罕見和過時的詞匯,即使它們已經不再當代英語中使用。在該辭典不收錄專有名詞的前提下,約有400個單詞以字母X開頭。一些來歷模糊的詞匯例如有趣的 xanthodontous,意為“有黃牙的”和僅在1592年有唯一一條記錄的 xsturgy,意為“拋光的過程”。
許多首字母為X的英文單詞源于希臘語,例如希臘語的 xenos(意為 stranger / 陌生人)生成英語詞匯 xenophobia / 陌生人恐懼癥;希臘語的 xulos(意為 wood)生成英語詞匯 xylophone 和 xylography,意指木雕藝術。詞典中首字母為X的單詞部分還包括較大比例的科技詞匯,如 xanthic / 微黃的和 xiphoid / 劍突。
Agenda 是單數(shù)名詞還是復數(shù)名詞?
最初,agenda 是單數(shù)名詞 agendum(意思為“需要完成的一件事”)的復數(shù)形式。然后,它漸漸指代一系列需要完成的事情。在這一最為常見的現(xiàn)代詞義上,agenda 就完全成為單數(shù)名詞,其復數(shù)形式為 agendas。
Emoji(表情符號)是一種語言嗎?
很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)表情符號是一種超有趣的交流方式。我們使用的大多數(shù)詞匯都與外部“真實的”世界有著完整的任意性關聯(lián),而我們書寫的方式也是如此。這在利用字母書寫的情況下尤其如此。如漢字等一些書寫系統(tǒng),或多或少保留了符號和所代表事物之間相呼應的關系。今天,設計好的表情符號利用非常樣式化的圖片或圖標將書面交流和“真實的”世界直接接通。當我們閱讀文字時看到一個表情符號,我們也無需用一個詞匯來替代這個表情。
那么,我們該怎樣整體看待表情符號呢?雖然它們只用在書寫中,那它們是一種語言嗎?你可以只用表情符號就發(fā)給某人一條完整信息,但你或許不能只用表情符號就能獨立自主地與人交流,到時你總是需要一種現(xiàn)有語言來交流,除非你是在內容非常有限的情況下交流。這樣考慮的話,表情符號與英語或其他特殊語言,如英式手語或美式手語相較是不一樣的。這也是為何即使人們能用表情符號交流很多內容,但大多數(shù)語言學家還不能說表情符號構成一種嚴格意義上的語言。
然而,人們確實也以比喻義使用著文字語言——在一些諸如討論編程語言、肢體語言和舞蹈語言時——去描述交流的各種各樣代碼和方式,這種交流并不符合語言學家對一種語言定義的所有標準。因此,大眾常常將表情符號也稱為“語言”并不奇怪。
害怕某事在英文中如何說?
對某物的極度或非理性恐懼在英文中稱為 phobia,它源于希臘語的 phobos,意為 fear。在英語中,有各種描述對特定事物、事件或情景害怕的單詞。一些較為熟知的例子有:claustrophobia / 幽閉恐懼癥、agoraphobia / 開放或公共場所恐懼癥、arachnophobia / 蜘蛛恐懼癥、acrophobia / 恐高癥。
其實還有很多同類詞匯,但很多并不常用,例如 coulrophobia / 小丑恐懼癥、scopophobia / 注視恐懼癥、ailurophobia / 恐貓。在一般情況下,簡單地在害怕的事物后加上 phobia 一詞就是最為常見的用法,例如:he had a longstanding needle phobia。
以下列出牛津詞典中含有 phobia 的詞匯,也可在瀏覽器中打開以下網頁https://en./explore/phobias-list查看網頁版清單。
物品 | 恐懼癥名稱
| air travel | aerophobia | American people and things | Americophobia | animals | zoophobia | bacteria | bacteriophobia | beards | pogonophobia | beating | mastigophobia | bed | clinophobia | bees | apiphobia | birds | ornithophobia | blood | haemophobia | blushing | erythrophobia | body odour | bromidrosiphobia | bridges | gephyrophobia | bullets | ballistophobia | burial alive | taphephobia | cancer | carcinophobia | cats | ailurophobia | childbirth | tocophobia | children | paedophobia | Chinese people and things | Sinophobia | church | ecclesiophobia | clouds | nephophobia | coitus | coitophobia | cold | cheimaphobia | colour | chromophobia | comets | cometophobia | computers | cyberphobia | constipation | coprostasophobia | corpses | necrophobia | correspondence | epistolophobia | crowds | demophobia/ochlophobia | dampness | hygrophobia | darkness | scotophobia | dawn | eosophobia | death | thanatophobia | depth | bathophobia | dirt | mysophobia | disease | pathophobia/nosophobia | dogs | cynophobia | dreams | oneirophobia | drink | potophobia | drugs | pharmacophobia | dust | koniophobia | electricity | electrophobia | enclosed places | claustrophobia | English people and things | Anglophobia | everything | panophobia/pantophobia | eyes | ommetaphobia | faeces | coprophobia | failure | kakorrhaphiaphobia | fatigue | kopophobia | fear | phobophobia | feathers | pteronophobia | fever | febriphobia | fire | pyrophobia | fish | ichthyophobia | flesh | selaphobia | floods | antlophobia | flowers | anthophobia | fog | homichlophobia | food | cibophobia/sitophobia | foreigners | xenophobia | freedom | eleutherophobia | French people and things | Francophobia/Gallophobia | fur | doraphobia | German people and things | Germanophobia/Teutophobia | germs | bacteriophobia | ghosts | phasmophobia | glass | nelophobia | God | theophobia | gold | chrysophobia/aurophobia | hair | trichophobia | heart disease | cardiophobia | heat | thermophobia | heaven | uranophobia | hell | hadephobia/stygiophobia | heredity | patroiophobia | high buildings | batophobia | high places | acrophobia/hypsophobia | home | oikophobia | homosexuals | homophobia | horses | hippophobia | ice | cryophobia | ideas | ideophobia | idleness | thassophobia | illness | nosophobia | imperfection | atelophobia | infinity | apeirophobia | injury | traumatophobia | inoculation | trypanophobia/vaccinophobia | insanity | lyssophobia/maniphobia | insects | entomophobia | insect stings | cnidophobia | Italian people and things | Italophobia | itching | acarophobia | jealousy | zelotypophobia | justice | dikephobia | lakes | limnophobia | leprosy | leprophobia | lice | pediculophobia | light | photophobia | lightning | astrapophobia | lists | pinaciphobia/katastichophobia | loneliness | autophobia/ermitophobia | machinery | mechanophobia | magic | rhabdophobia | marriage | gamophobia | men | androphobia | metal | metallophobia | mice | musophobia | microbes | bacillophobia/microbiophobia | mirrors | eisoptrophobia | mites | acarophobia | mobs | ochlophobia | money | chrematophobia | monsters, giving birth to | teratophobia | motion | kinetophobia | music | musicophobia | names | onomatophobia | narrowness | anginophobia | needles | belonephobia | new things | neophobia | night | nyctophobia | nudity | gymnophobia | open places | agoraphobia | pain | algophobia | parasites | parasitophobia | people | anthropophobia | philosophy | philosophobia | pins | enetophobia | places | topophobia | pleasure | hedonophobia | poison | toxiphobia | politics | politicophobia | Pope | papaphobia | poverty | peniaphobia | precipices | cremnophobia | priests | hierophobia | punishment | poinephobia | rabies | hydrophobophobia | rail travel | siderodromophobia | religious works of art | iconophobia | reptiles | batrachophobia | responsibility | hypegiaphobia | ridicule | katagelophobia | rivers | potamophobia | robbers | harpaxophobia | ruin | atephobia | Russian people and things | Russophobia | saints | hagiophobia | Satan | Satanophobia | scabies | scabiophobia | Scottish people and things | Scotophobia | sea | thalassophobia | sex | erotophobia | shadows | sciophobia | sharpness | acrophobia | shock | hormephobia | sin | hamartophobia | skin disease | dermatosiophobia/dermatopathophobia | sleep | hypnophobia | slime | blennophobia | small things | microphobia | smell | olfactophobia/osmophobia | smothering | pnigerophobia | snakes | ophidiophobia | snow | chionophobia | solitude | eremophobia | sound | acousticophobia | sourness | acerophobia | speech | lalophobia/laliophobia/glossophobia/phonophobia | speed | tachophobia | spiders | arachnophobia | standing | stasophobia | stars | siderophobia | stealing | kleptophobia | string | linonophobia | stuttering | lalophobia/laliophobia | sun | heliophobia | swallowing | phagophobia | symmetry | symmetrophobia | taste | geumatophobia | technology | technophobia | teeth | odontophobia | telephone | telephonophobia | thinking | phronemophobia | thirteen | triskaidekaphobia | thunder | brontophobia/tonitrophobia/keraunophobia | time | chronophobia | touch | haptophobia | travel | hodophobia | tuberculosis | phthisiophobia | tyrants | tyrannophobia | vehicles | ochophobia | venereal disease | syphilophobia | voids | kenophobia | vomiting | emetophobia | water | hydrophobia | waves | cyrnophobia | weakness | asthenophobia | wind | anemophobia | women | gynophobia | words | logophobia | work | ergophobia | worms | helminthophobia | writing | graphophobia |
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