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【考前沖刺】特殊句型

 匠人朱胖胖 2018-06-13

特殊句式包含:

A. 倒裝句

B. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句

C. 省略句

D. 插入語

E. 反義疑問句

F.等。

 倒裝 

謂語或謂語的一部分放在主語之前的語法現(xiàn)象,就稱之為倒裝。從倒裝的形式來看,可分為完全倒裝部分倒裝兩大類。前者是指整個謂語置于主語之前,而而后者僅指助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或be動詞等置于主語之前。


一. 完全倒裝

完全倒裝又可稱為全部倒裝。完全倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有: 


(1)here,there,now,then,thus等副詞置于句首,謂語動詞常用be,come,go,lie,run等表示來去或狀態(tài)的動詞。 


例如: 

Then came the teacher. 那時老師來了。  

Here is your letter. 你的信。 


(2)表示運(yùn)動方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語置于句首,謂語表示運(yùn)動的動詞。


例如:Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐著一個老大媽。 


注意:上述全部倒裝句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。

例如:Here he comes. 他來了。

Away they went. 他們走開了。


二. 部分倒裝

部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝放到主語之前。如果句子的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞,則需添加助動詞do,does或did,并將其置于主語之前。 


(1)句首為否定或半否定的詞語,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way,  not until…等。


例如:

Never have I seen such a performance. 

從未見過如此糟糕的表演。 


Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 

無論如何你不會找到這個問題的答案的。

 

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 

母親一直到孩子入睡后才離開房間。 


(2)當(dāng)Not until位于句首時,句子要倒裝。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:Not until+從句狀語從句或表時間的詞語+助動詞主句主語+謂語+... 


例如:

Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.

直到老師進(jìn)來學(xué)生們才停止講話。


Not until next week will the sports meet be held.

直到下周才開運(yùn)動會。

典型例題 

1. Why can’t I smoke here? 

At no time ______ in the meeting-room 

A. is smoking permittedB. smoking is permitted 

C. smoking is it permittedD. does smoking permit 

答案A。這是一個倒裝問題。當(dāng)否定詞語置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時,其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這些否定詞包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,not only,not until等。本題的正常語序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time. 


2. Not until the early years of the 19th century ______ what heat is. 

A. man did knowB. man know 

C. didn’t man knowD. did man know 

答案D??吹絅ot until…的句型,我們知道為一倒裝句,答案在C、D中選一個。該句的正常語序?yàn)?,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 如果將not和until提到句子前時,就用倒裝句。 



三. 以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝

如有結(jié)構(gòu):Not only…but also, Hardly / Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等,要用倒裝句。


例如: 

Not only did he refuse the gift, but also he severely criticized the sender. 

他不但沒有收下禮物,而且還狠狠地批評了送禮的人。


Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 

她剛出門,就有個學(xué)生來訪。 


No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 

她剛出門,就有個學(xué)生來訪。 

典型例題 

No sooner ______ than it began to rain heavily. 

A. the game beganB. has the game begun 

C. did the game beginD. had the game begun 

答案D。具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時,一般采用倒裝句(謂語前置)。這類表示否定意義的詞有never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,hardly,以及not only…but(also),no sooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when等等。 


注意:只有當(dāng)Not only… but also連接兩個分句時,第一個分句才用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only…but also只連接兩個并列詞語,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),如:Not only you but also I am fond of music。 


四. so, neither, nor作部分倒裝

用這些詞表示“也”、“也不”的句子要部分倒裝。


例如:

Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 

湯姆會講法語,杰克也會。 


If you won’t go, neither will I. 

你不去,我也不去。 

典型例題 

— Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? 

— I don’t know, _____. 

A. nor don’t I careB. nor do I care 

C. I don’t care neitherD. I don’t care also 

答案:B。nor為增補(bǔ)意思“也不關(guān)心”,因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A答案中錯在用don’t再次否定,C答案中neither用法不對,且缺乏連詞。D答案缺乏連詞。 


注意:當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為“的確如此”。 

例如:

Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 

湯姆邀我去踢球,我去了。 

— It’s raining hard. 雨下得真大

— So it is.。是呀。 


五. only在句首倒裝的情況

例如:

Only in this way, can you learn English well. 

只有這樣,你才能學(xué)好英語。 


Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 

叫了三次,他才來參加會議。 


如果句子為主從復(fù)合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝。


例如: 

Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 

病得很重時,他才臥床休息。


六. as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句 

as / though引起的倒裝分三種情況:表語、動詞原形及狀語的倒裝。


(1)表語的倒裝

一般直接將表語提前到句首,若表語是帶不定冠詞a / an的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,倒裝后,不定冠詞a / an須被省略。如:

Fine as / though he looks, he is ill with some serious diseases.

Child as / though he is, he knows much about the society.


(2)原形動詞的倒裝

A. 動詞前面帶有情態(tài)動詞may,might,will,would,can,could等時,只將行為動詞提到句首,而這些情態(tài)動詞保留在原處。

B. 若動詞前面沒有情態(tài)動詞時,應(yīng)在動詞原來的位置加上助動詞do的適當(dāng)形式。

C. 用于這一句型的動詞一般是不及物動詞,而不能是系動詞或及物動詞。如:

Swim as / though he can, he can’t swim so far. 盡管他會游泳,但是他游得不那么遠(yuǎn)。

Run as / though he did, he didn’t run fast enough to catch the bus. 雖然他跑,但是他跑得不夠快而沒有趕上汽車。


(3)狀語倒裝

In the classroom as / though he stays, he doesn’t read his texts. 盡管他待在教室里,但他不讀書。

Carefully as / though he worked, he made some mistakes. 盡管他工作很細(xì)心,但還是出了一些差錯。


七. 其他部分倒裝

(1)so… that句型中的so位于句首時,需倒裝。

例如: 

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 

他害怕得很,動也不敢動。 


(2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中。

例如: 

May you all be happy. 愿你們都快樂。 


(3)在虛擬語氣條件句中,從句謂語動詞有were,had,should等詞,可將if 省略,把were,had,should移到主語之前,用部分倒裝形式。

例如: 

Were I you, I would try it again. 我是你的話,就再試一次。 

典型例題: 

1. Not until the early years of the 20th century ______ what a computer is.  

A. man did knowB. man knewC. didn’t man knowD. did man know 

答案為D。否定詞Not在句首,要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。 

2. Not until I began to work ______ how much time I had wasted.  

A. didn’t I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didn't realizeD. I realize 

答案為B。 

3. Do you know Tom bought a new car? 

I don’t know, ______. 

A. nor don’t I careB. nor do I care

C. I don’t care neitherD. I don’t care also  

答案為B。句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),表示“也不”。由so,neither,nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句,表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中,so用于肯定句,而neither,nor用在否定句中。



強(qiáng)調(diào)句

強(qiáng)調(diào)句是為了對一定語境下的部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行突出而采用的一種修辭手段。

強(qiáng)調(diào)的方式主要有以下三種:

一、使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)

1、陳述句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型:

It is/ was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(主、賓、狀)+ that/ who(當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語且主語指人)其它部分

強(qiáng)調(diào)句的否定句形式為:It is / was not + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that / who ...

2、一般疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型:同上,只是把is/ was提到it前面。

3、特殊疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型:

被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞)+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分?

When and where was it that you were born?

4、注意:構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句的it本身沒有詞義;強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的連接詞一般只用that, who,即使在強(qiáng)調(diào)時間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語時也如此,that, who不可省略;強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的時態(tài)只用兩種,一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。原句謂語動詞是一般過去時、過去完成時和過去進(jìn)行時,用It was … ,其余的時態(tài)用It is … 。

5not … until … 句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句

句型為:It is/ was not until + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that + 其它部分

普通句:He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back.

強(qiáng)調(diào)句:It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.

注意:此句型只用until,不用till。但如果不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,till, until可通用;因?yàn)榫湫椭?/span>It is/ was not … 已經(jīng)是否定句了,that后面的從句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。

二、.使用倒裝句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)

三、利用詞語進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)

(1)very、good and、nice and、強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞

 You are the very person for this job. 

(2)right/just強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞性詞組

  I put that book right here a moment ago.

(3)on earth、in the world、the hell 、置于疑問詞后,表示“到底,究竟”以加強(qiáng)語氣。

     What on earth is the matter there

  那里究竟發(fā)生了什么事?

(4)ever系列強(qiáng)調(diào)

This is the best ever!

Whatever you do, wherever you go, I will waiting for you .

(5)It is/ was … that … 結(jié)構(gòu)不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語,需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語時,用助動詞do/ doesdid。

He did write to you last week. 

上周他確實(shí)給你寫了信。

Do be careful when you cross the street. 

過馬路時,務(wù)必(千萬)要小心??!

注意:此種強(qiáng)調(diào)只用do/ doesdid ,沒有別的形式;后面的謂語動詞用原形。


省略句

省略是為了使句子更簡潔,同時又不影響句子意義的表達(dá)。

一、功能詞的省略 

1、冠詞的省略

a) 兩個并列的名詞前面,第二個可以省略

注意:如果省去冠詞會誤會為一個人則不省略。

b) 家庭成員后面列舉的可以省略

c) 表示獨(dú)一無二的職位前,這個職業(yè)不具體指只是某個人前的冠詞,比如總統(tǒng),主席

2、介詞的省略

have difficulty / problem / trouble+in+ving

spend in+ving

there is no use / sense / point +in+ v-ing

stop / prevent from+ v-ing

be busy +in+ving

end up +(by) +ving

take turns (at ) +ving

have a good / great /fun /hard / time +in+ving

3、連詞的省略:not (only)but(also); that 定語從句,等

二、.句子成分的省略 

1.可省略主語和謂語。

A word about your composition.我現(xiàn)在談一下你的作文。(省略了I'll  say...)

Though tiredhe was not disheartened.他雖然累了,但沒有泄氣。(省略了he was...)

2.可省去從句。

You have done better this time.這一次你做得好些了。(省去從句than you did before)

3.可用不定式to,省去前面提到的謂語動詞。

Jack didn’t pass the driving test,but he still hope to.(to后省去了pass)

杰克沒有通過駕駛證考試,但他仍希望能通過。

4.可用so,not省略前面提到的事,表肯定與否定。

—Do you think it’s going to rain over the weekend?你認(rèn)為周末會下雨嗎?

—I believe not/I believe so.我想不會/我想會的。

(I don’t believe it’s going to rain)

5.根據(jù)不同語境可省略不同成分。如:

only if,If only,what so ever, in case

三、句子的省略 

1、特殊疑問句的省略。

Where to?去哪里? (=Where are you going to?)

What for?為什么? (例如:What do you come here for?你來這里干什么?)

Why not do it?為什么不做那件事呢? (=Why don’t you do it?)

How/What about(sb)doing sth ? 做某事怎么樣?

2、比較從句中的省略

I love classic music more than (I like)rock and roll.

He is no longer so shy as (he was) before.

3、在時間狀語和條件狀語從句中的省略

While (I was) on the street, I came across a friend of mine.

If (you are) offered help, never forget to say “Thank you!”

If (it is) possible, I would like to go there tomorrow.

4、在其他狀語從句中的省略

I won’t go there unless (I am) invited

Things have turned out just as (they were) expected

How beautiful ( it is) !

5、在并列從句中的省略

The girls are very hard-working; the boys (are very hard-working) too.

The news made some people happy, but (it made) some (other people) sad

6、命令和請求

No talking!

Silent, everybody!

7、特定問題的回答

—Where have you been?—(I’ve been) Out.

—Have you been waiting long?—(I’ve been waiting for) About an hour.

8、.簡略的提問句

—Tom, go and water the flowers.

—Why (do you make) me (water the flowers)?

四、習(xí)慣上的省略(沒有意義)。


插入語

(略)


反義疑問句

反意疑問句也叫附加疑問句。它表示提問人的看法,沒有把握,需要對方證實(shí)。

一、反意疑問句


反意疑問句是由陳述句和附在其后的附加疑問句組成。其中附加疑問句是對陳述句所說的事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)提出疑問,起證實(shí)作用,一般用于證實(shí)說話者所說的事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)。


(表示說話者對某事有一定看法,但又不完全確定,需要對方加以證實(shí)。)翻譯為“是嗎”


二、反意疑問句的回答


回答時,事實(shí)是肯定的用Yes;

若事實(shí)是否定的則用No。


三、反意疑問句的特殊情況


1.反意疑問句中問句部分的動詞與陳述部分的動詞在語氣上成相反的對應(yīng)關(guān)系,即:肯定+否定? 否定+肯定?

You can’t do it, can you?  

你不能做它,是嗎?

They are very late for the meeting, aren’t they?  

他們開會遲到了,是嗎?


2.附加問句的主語應(yīng)與陳述句的主語保持一致,且只能用人稱代詞替代。

You come from Beijing, don't you?  

你來自北京,是不是?


3.當(dāng)陳述句中含有be動詞,助動詞,或是情態(tài)動詞時,反問句部分由這些詞加上主語人稱代詞構(gòu)成:

Be動詞包括:am, is, are, was, were

助動詞有:do, does, did, have(用在完成時), has(用在完成時)等

情態(tài)動詞有:can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should


He will go home, won’t he? 

他要回家了,是嗎?

She doesn’t like to eat popcorn, does she?  

她不喜歡吃爆米花,是嗎?


4.have的不同用法,反義疑問句用不同的動詞

(1)have 表“有”時,反義疑問句謂語動詞用have/do都行

He has a new car, doesn’t/hasn’t he?


(2)have表“吃,喝,玩,度過,舉辦”等是,反義疑問句謂語動詞用do

He has supper at home every day, doesn’t he?

They had a good time in Beijing, didn’t they?


(3)have to表“不得不,必須”時,反義疑問句謂語動詞用do

Kite has to help her mother, doesn’t she?


(4)had better表“最好”時,反義疑問句謂語動詞用had

We had better go to school at once, hadn't we?


(5)have用在完成時中,反義疑問句謂語動詞用have

They have known the matter, haven’t they?



5.(1)反意疑問句的陳述部分帶有l(wèi)ittle, few, never, hardly, seldom,nobody, nothing, no one, none, neither等否定意義的詞時,問句部分用肯定式。


She never tells a lie, does she? (不用doesn’t she?) 

她從不說謊,是嗎?

He was seldom late, was he? (不用wasn’t he?) 

他幾乎不遲到,是嗎?
He is hardly able to swim, is he?
There is little milk in your cup, is there?


(2)當(dāng)陳述部分所含的否定詞是通過加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成的,(也就是有un, dis-前綴、less-后綴等含有詞綴而意思否定的詞),當(dāng)做肯定句處理,其后的反意疑問句依然用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。

It is unfair, isn't it? 這不公平,是吧?

He dislikes English, doesn’t he?


6.陳述部分為There + be + 主語時,問句部分用動詞+there?形式。

There are two cakes on the plate, aren’t there?  

碟子里有兩塊蛋糕,是嗎?


7.反意疑問句的陳述部分為I am……時,問句部分習(xí)慣上用aren’t I?

I am a very honest man, aren’t I?  

我是個很誠實(shí)的人,是嗎?


8.陳述部分的主語為不定代詞something, anything, nothing, everything時,問句部分的主語用it。

Something is wrong with the computer, isn’t it? 

電腦有問題了,是嗎?

Nothing has happened to them, has it? 

他們什么事也沒發(fā)生,是嗎?


9.陳述部分的主語為不定代詞somebody (someone), anybody (anyone), nobody (no one), everybody (everyone) none, neither時,問句部分的主語用he或 they,這時問句動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)和he或 they一致。

Someone has taken the seat, hasn’t he? 

有人已經(jīng)坐了位置,是嗎?

Everyone has done their best in the game, haven’t they? .

每個人在比賽中已經(jīng)盡力了,是嗎?



10.陳述部分的主語是指示代詞this或that時,反意疑問句的主語用it,當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是指示代詞these或those時,其反意疑問句的主語用they。例如:

This is a plane, isn't it? 

這是一架飛機(jī),是嗎?

These are grapes,aren't they? 

這些是葡萄,是嗎?


11.當(dāng)陳述部分有情態(tài)動詞must,問句有4種情況:

(1)mustn't表示“禁止,不可,不必”時,附加問句通常要用must.

You mustn't stop your car here, must you?

你不能把車停在這地方,知道嗎?


(2)must表示“有必要”時,附加問句通常要用needn't.

They must finish the work today, needn’t they?

他們今天要完成這項(xiàng)工作,是嗎?


(3)當(dāng)must用來表示對現(xiàn) 在的情況進(jìn)行推測時,問句通常要根據(jù)must后面的動詞采用相應(yīng)的形式。

He must be good at English, isn’t he? 

他英語一定學(xué)得很好,是嗎?

She must be a good English teacher, isn’t she? 

她一定是位優(yōu)秀的英語老師,是嗎?


12.當(dāng)陳述部分謂語動詞是need,且這些詞被用作實(shí)義動詞時,其反意疑問句需用do的適當(dāng)形式。若need 為情態(tài)動詞,疑問部分用need構(gòu)成。

We need to help them, don’t we?

You needn’t go there, need you?


13.陳述部分為祈使句

(1)若為let’s引導(dǎo),反問句用shall we?

Let’s go home together, shall we? 

讓我們一起回家,好嗎?


(2)若為let us/me引導(dǎo) 和否定祈使句,都用will you?

Let us stop to rest, will you? 

讓我們停下休息,好嗎?

Don’t make any noise, will you? 

別弄出噪音,好嗎?


(3)肯定祈使句則用will you 或won’t you 都行

Do sit down, won’t you? / will you?

 請坐,好嗎?

You feed the bird today, will you? 

今天你喂鳥,是嗎?

Please open the window, will you? (won’t you?) 

打開窗,好嗎?


14.陳述部分是主從復(fù)合句時,反義疑問句主語常與主句主語一致。

She said she would come tomorrow, didn’t she?


【補(bǔ)充】但主句主語為第一人稱I/We,謂語動詞是think, believe, imagine, expect等時,反義疑問句主語常與從句主語一致,并注意否定前移。

I think he is a good student, isn’t he?

We don’t think you are right, are you?







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