教學中總有些東西值得分享

@外語教師聯(lián)盟

外語教師聯(lián)盟每周一

“專項語法難題探微”欄目

首期知識點為大家?guī)砹?/span>

定語從句（可點擊閱讀原文查看）

本期第二個知識點

非限定性動詞

第二講

無to不定式的用法

本期內(nèi)容導(dǎo)圖（點擊查看大圖）

例如:

Turn off the tap was all I did.

關(guān)上水籠頭就是我所做的全部事情。

Press the button is the only thing you have to do.

按電鈕就是你唯一要做的事情。

例如:

Kill or be killed, eat or be eaten, was the law.

殺害或被殺，吞食或被吞食，這就是法則。

Go or not go, is a problem.

去還是不去，這還是個問題。

a.與助動詞do(does, did)連用，構(gòu)成謂語動詞的否定式疑問式。

例如:

He doesn ' t live here.

他不住在這兒。

Did you go fishing yesterday?

你昨天去釣魚了嗎?

當助動詞do用來加強語氣時，無to不定式可用于肯定句中。

例如:

Do tell us what has happened.

一定得告訴我們所發(fā)生的事情。

b.與助動詞shall/should，will/would連用構(gòu)成謂語動詞的肯定、疑問及否定形式。

例如:

They asked the driver if he would kindly stop the bus.

他們請司機行行善，把車子停下來 。

While you take part in discussion with other firms and in conferences, I shall keep in the background.

在你與其他公司討論和會談時,我將不出面。

c. 和半助動詞had better , had rather , had sooner , would rather , would sooner 等連用,構(gòu)成合成謂語。

例如:

If you want to stay out of trouble, you had best not make any mistakes.

如果你不愿意惹麻煩 , 你最好不要出差錯

Liu Hu-lan would (had) rather (sooner) die than surrender.

劉胡蘭寧死不屈。

d. 與情態(tài)動詞may/might, can/could, must, will/would, shall/should, need, dare, used to, ought to等連用,構(gòu)成合成謂語。

例如:

This sort of thing can’t go on.

這種事情不可能繼續(xù)下去。

Do I need to show my pass every time I come to the public library?

我每次來公共圖書館都有必要出示證件嗎 ?

If the aggressors dare to come, they will never be able to get away.

侵略者敢于來犯,就叫他們無法逃回。

在情態(tài)動詞ought后面，不定式符號to通常是不可省略的。但在美國英語中，如果ought用于否定句和疑問句，不定式符號to有時可以略去。

例如:

Ought you smoke so much?

你該吸這么多煙嗎?

You oughtn’t smoke much.

你不該吸這么多煙。

e. 在以why開頭的疑問句，要用無to不定式作謂語。

例如:

why spend such a lot of money ?

為什么花這么多錢？

why stay here ?

為什么呆在這兒?

若問句為否定式，只要在無to不定式前加否定詞not即可。

例如：

Why not give it up and go to bed?

為什么不就此罷休而去睡覺?

Why not apologize and ask his pardon?

為什么不向他道歉,請求他的原諒呢?

a.在美國英語中,動詞help后跟無to不定式作賓語是一個極為普遍的現(xiàn)象。在英國英語中,也有時出現(xiàn)。

例如：

Then he helped sweep the floors of the waiting rooms.

隨后他就幫助打掃候車室。

All this has helped raise farm yields steadily.

所有這些促使了農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量不斷增長。

b.在介詞but, except, besides, than, save等前若有實義動詞do時，常用無to不定式作其介詞的賓語。

例如:

What do you like to do besides swim?

除了游泳，你還愛好什么?

He did nothing else than laugh.

他只是笑笑而已。

例如:

All he would do is (to) smile.

他只是笑了笑。

'Mrs Quonsett,' Tanya said, 'since you've had so much free travel from Trans America, the least you can do is help us a little.”

塔尼亞說，“昆西特太太，你在環(huán)美航空公司的飛機上免費旅行過這么多次了，你至少也得幫我們點忙。”

What John did to his suit was (to) ruin it.

約翰對待自己的衣服的方式就是毀壞它。

a. 在表示感官和認識的動詞(如see , notice , hear , watch , observe , feel , find , look at , listen to 等 )的賓語后。

例如:

Indeed, that is true, for I have seen him do it.

的確，這是事實，我是親眼看見他這樣做的。

It was then that noted a change come over his face.

就在那時候，我看見她臉部表情發(fā)生了變化。

當這些動詞用于被動語態(tài)時，其后用作主語補足語的動詞不定式要帶to。

例如:

I was listened to by them to repeat what Uncle Li had said the day before.

他們聽我把李大叔頭天說的話又講了一遍。

b. 在使役動詞 make , have , bid , leave ( -let ) 后。

例如:

This sort of thing can’t go on.

Bid him go home.

叫他回去 。

We will have the boy mail this letter this afternoon.

我們叫那個男孩今天下午把信發(fā)出去。

Leave him go.

讓他走吧。

必須指出，動詞have通常不用于被動語態(tài)。當動詞make，bid用于被動語態(tài)時，不定式要有to；當let用于被動語態(tài),后跟單音節(jié)(雙音以上例外)的不定式時，不定式一般不帶to。

例如:

He was bid to sit down.

他遵命坐了下

The prisoners were let go.

那些犯人獲釋出獄了。

c. 在動詞help和意義為“經(jīng)驗”、“觀察”的know以及charge后，作賓語補足語的動詞不定式有to無to都可以。

例如:

I never knew him (to) act without thinking.

我從未發(fā)現(xiàn)過他輕率行事。

I charged him ( to ) go with her .

我要求他跟她一道去。

This helped them adopt a correct attitude towards the masses.

這有助于他們對群眾采取正確的態(tài)度。

但當不定式短語to be…作動詞know的賓補時，to不可省去。例如:

I will speak against anything I know to be wrong.

任何事情我認為是不對的我就要反對。

在口語中，尤其是美語口語中，動詞go和come的后面可以接無to不定式作狀語，多用于表示命令建議、請求或意愿的句子中。

例如:

I'd like to go hear a concert this evening.

我很想今晚去聽聽音樂

Come have supper with us.

來同我們一起吃晚飯吧。

He asked me to come see him.

他要我來見他。

這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能用于 come，go是一般現(xiàn)在時或與 to be, to have 構(gòu)成分析形式動詞的場合。 例如不能說：

 *I come have a talk with you.

 *I have come have a talk with you.

 * I go tell her.

 * I went tell her.

a. 在兩個或更多的不定式連用時 , 如果它們在句子中的語法作用是一樣的或類似的，通常只是第一個不定式帶to , 后面的可不帶to。

例如:

In the old days, Mr Li never got enough to eat or (to) wear.

在舊社會，老李總是吃不飽穿不暖 。

It is necessary for us to read more and (to) have more practice.

我們多讀、多練習是很有必要的。

He wanted to put my chameleon on a tartan rug and (to) watch it change colour.

他要把我的變色蜥蜴放在一塊格子地毯上,看它變色。

但是如果對兩個不定式進行對比、強調(diào)時,第二個不定式里的to不可省去。例如:

I came not to upbraid but to serve and to free you.

我不是來責備你,而是來為你效勞,使你獲得自由。

b. 在 cannot but，cannot choose but，cannot help but 等習慣語中,其后要用無to不定式。

例如:

One's world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.

一個人的世界觀必然在其言行中表現(xiàn)出來 。

I cannot choose but go.

我非去不可。

The application of cold compress cannot help but reduce the swelling.

用冷敷必然可以消腫。

c. 在與動詞 let , make , hear , go 等連用構(gòu)成固定的短語動詞時,要用無to不定式。

例如:

I’ve heard say that your country is very beautiful.

我聽說你們國家很美。

Let go of my hand, please.

請你放開我的手

The children are making believe that they’re princes and princesses.

孩子們假裝是王子和公主 。

Mr. Johnson let his business go hang after his wife died.

約翰遜先生在他妻子死后 , 對其事業(yè)漠不關(guān)心了 。